4% solution of ethylnitrite in alcohol is known as sweet spirit of nitre and in used as diuretic.

Replacement by carboxylic acid group When diazonium fluoroborate is heated with acetic acid, benzoic acid is obtained. This reaction is used to convert the of aliphatic carboxylic acid into aromatic carboxylic acid.
\(\underset { Benzene \ diazonium\\ fluoroborate }{ C_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }-{ N }_{ 2 }{ BF }_{ 4 } } +{ CH }_{ 3 }-COOH\rightarrow \underset { Benzoic \ acid }{ { C }_{ 6 }H_{ 5 }-COOH } +{ BF }_{ 3 }+{ CH }_{ 3 }F\)

No, aniline cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide reaction. This method involves the treatment of potassium phthalimide with aryl halides. But aryl halides does not undergo nucleophilic substitution under ordinary conditions.

Amides behave both as weak acid as well as weak base and thus show amphoteric character. This can be proved by the following reactions. Acetamide (as base) reacts with hydrochloric I acid to form salt.
\(\underset { Acetamide }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ NH }_{ 2 } } +HCl\longrightarrow \underset { acetamide\ hdrochloride }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -\overset { + }{ N } { CH }_{ 3 }{ Cl }^{ - } } \) 
Acetamide (as acid) reacts with sodium to form sodium salt and hydrogen gas is liberated.
\(\underset { Acetamide }{ { 2CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ NH }_{ 2 } } +Na\longrightarrow \underset { sodium\ acetamide }{ { 2CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \underset { || }{ O } }{ C } -\overset { + }{ N } HNa+{ H }_{ 2 } } \)

The reagent that is used to distinguish a alcohol from an acid is NaHCO_{3.
\({ CH }_{ 3 }COOH+NaH{ CO }_{ 3 }\longrightarrow \underset{Sodium \ accetate}{{ CH }_{ 3 }COONa}+{ CO }_{ 2 }+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)}
Where as alcohols do not answer this test.
C₂H₅OH + NaHCO₃ ⟶ No reaction

(i) Benzoic acid is used as an urinary antiseptic.
(ii) Sodium benzoate is used as food preservative.
(iii) Benzoic acid vapours are used to disinfect bronchial tube.

(i) In monochloro acetic acid, the -I effect of chlorine (electron withdrawing group) increases its strength.

(ii) This effect weakens the -O-H bond. There by facilitating the removal of H from -OH group. This acid (ClCH₂COOH) becomes stronger than formic acid.

This reaction is a variant of Friedel - Crafts acylation reaction. In this method, reaction of carbon monoxide and HCI generate an intermediate which reacts like formyl chloride.

Benzaldehyde reduces Tollen's reagent, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. Because Ag⁺ is more easily reduced to Ag than Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺

Two molecules of acetaldehyde undergoes condensation reaction in the presence of NaOH to form aldol.
\({ CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ \underset { acetadelhyde }{ H } } }{ C } =O+{ CH }_{ 3 }-CHO\overset { NaOH }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { | }{ \underset { Aldol }{ OH } } }{ CH } -{ CH }_{ 2 }-CHO\)

(i) Formaldehyde does not undergo aldol condensation.
(ii) Aldol condensation reaction is the characteristic of carbonyl compounds having a hydrogen atom. So this reaction does not take place in formaldehyde.

(i) Aromatic simplest nitro compound C₆H₅NO₂ (A)

\( \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}+\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}+3 \mathrm{KOH} \stackrel{\Delta}{\longrightarrow} \underset { phyenyl \ isocyanide } {\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NC}}+3 \mathrm{KCl}+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \) 
Therefore, Compound A is C₆H₅NO₂ ⟶ Nitrobenzene
Compound B is C₆ H₅ NH₂ ⟶ Aniline
(ii) It is used to prepare aniline, anthranilic acid and sulphanilic acid.

In simple amines the lone pair of electrons is on nitrogen and hence available for protonation. In amides, on the other hand, the electron pair on nitrogen is delocalized to the carbonyl oxygen through resonance.

When acetonitrile is hydrolysed in the presence of acid medium, acetic acid is formed.

(A) CH₃COOH - Acetic acid
(B) CH₃CH₂OH - Ethanol
CH₃CH₂ - NO₂

On the other hand, the acid or base hydrolysis of ethyl nitrite gives ethanol.

Though Saccharin is much sweeter than sugar, it is eliminated through urine and also provides lesser calorie.

Condensation polymers are formed by the reaction between functional groups of an adjacent monomers with the elimination of simple molecules like H₂O, NH₃ etc....

Polymers are classified based on the source of availability, structure, molecular forces and the mode of synthesis.

It causes loss of sensation, in the area in which it is applied without losing consciousness. They block pain perception that is transmitted via peripheral nerve fibres to the brain.
Uses: They are often used during minor surgical procedures.

The specific rotation of pure α and β(D) glucose are 112° & 18.7° respectively. However, when pure form of anyone of these sugars dissolved in water, slow interconversion of α-D glucose and β-D glucose via open chain form until equilibrium is established giving constant specific rotation + 53°. This phenomenon is called mutarotation.

Classification of drugs based on biological system or process, that target the recipient is called target drug action.

Due to the presence of an acidic and a basic group in the same molecule, amino acids exist in an ionic form called a Zwitter ion where the proton of -COOH group is transferred to the -NH₂ group

Two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

At a specific pH value, the net charge of an amino acid is neutral is called isoelectric point.

Anomers are cyclic monosaccharide differing from each other in the configuration of C₁ if they are aldoses or in the configuration of C₂ if they are ketoses.
E.g. α and βD - glucose.

(i) River water is colloidal solution of clay. Sea water contains a number of electrolytes.
(ii) When river water meets the sea water, the electrolytes present in sea water coagulate the colloidal solution of clay which get deposited with the formation of delta.

When AS₂S₃ and Fe(OH)₃ sols are mixed coagulation occurs charged and AS₂S₃ is negatively charged, their charges are neutralised when mixed and precipitation occurs.

A plot between the amount of adsorbate adsorbed and pressure or concentration of adsorbate at constant temperature is called adsorption isotherms.

\({ \lambda }_{ C }=k\times V\)
\({ \lambda }_{ C }=\frac { K\times { { 10 }^{ -3 } } }{ C } \)

Electrochemical reactions which take place in a galvanic cell may be reversed by applying potential slightly greater than the emf generated by the cell. This principle is used in secondary batteries to regenerate the original reactants.

It has higher capacity and longer life. Used in pacemakers, electronic watches, cameras etc.

For a uni - univalent electrolyte such as NaCl, the Kohlrausch's law is expressed as
\({ ({ \Lambda }_{ m }^{ o }) }_{ NaCl }=({ { \lambda }_{ m }^{ o })_{ { Na }^{ + } }+{ ({ \lambda }_{ m }^{ o }) }_{ { Cl }^{ - } } }\)

Resistivity is defined as the resistance of an electrolyte confined between to electrodes having unit cross sectional area and are separated by a unit distance. The ratio \((\frac{l}{A})\) is called the cell constant, Unit of resistivity is ohm metre (Ωm).

Phenolic OR group gives a violet colouration with neutral FeCl₃ but alcoholic OR does not.

(i) Propane-1, 2-diol
(ii) Ethane-1,2 - diol
(iii) 2-Hydroxy propanoic acid

When C₂H₅OH (Ethanol) is treated with cone H₂SO₄ at 410 K, intermolecular dehydration take place and the product formed will be diethyl ether C₂H₅-O-C₂H₅.

The conjugate base of HF is F^-
For F^-, \({ K }_{ b }=\frac { { K }_{ w } }{ { K }_{ a } } =\frac { { 10 }^{ -14 } }{ { 6.8\times 10 }^{ -14 } } \)
= 1.47 x 10^-11.

When an acid reacts with a base, a salt and water are formed and the reaction is called neutralization.

(i) An interstitial compound or alloy is a compound that is formed when small atoms like hydrogen, boron, carbon or nitrogen are trapped in the interstitial holes in a metal lattice.
(ii) They are usually non-stoichiometric compounds. Transition metals form a number of interstitial compounds such as TiC, ZrH_1.92, Mn₄N etc.

(i) Silver in its +1 oxidation state, exhibits 4d¹⁰5s⁰configuration.
(ii) But in some compounds, it also shows +2 oxidation state, so the configuration becomes 4d⁹5s⁰
(iii) Here, d-orbital is not completely filled. Therefore silver is a transition element.

The rate of a reaction is affected by the following factors.
(i) Nature and state of the reactant
(ii) Concentration of the reactant
(iii) Surface area of the reactant
(iv) Temperature of the reaction
(v) Presence of a catalyst

For n^th reaction
\(K\alpha \frac { 1 }{ { C }^{ n-1 } } \)

1 Mole of hexagonal packed structure contains 1 mole of octahedral voids and two moles of tetrahedral voids. Therefore, 0.5 moles of hexagonal packed structure contains 0.5 moles of octahedral voids and 1 mole of tetrahedral voids.
No. of tetrahedral voids = 6.022 x 10²³
No. of octahedral voids\(\frac{1}{2}\) x no. of tetrahedral voids
No. of octahedral voids = \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 6.022 x 10²³
= 3.011 x 10²³
Total No. of voids = (6.022+3.011) x 10²³
= 9.033 x 10²³.

(i) Ozone acts as a powerful oxidizing agent because ozone liberates nascent oxygen very easily on decomposition.
\({ O }_{ 3 }\longrightarrow { O }_{ 2 }+\left[ O \right] \)
(ii) This nascent or atomic oxygen brings about the oxidations it is very reactive.

(i) Nitrogen is used for the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid and calcium Cyanamide etc.
(ii) Liquid nitrogen is used for producing low temperature required in cryosurgery and so in biological preservation.

The total number. of atoms per unit cell in bcc.
\(=\frac { { N }_{ c } }{ 8 } +\frac { { N }_{ b } }{ 1 } =\frac { 8 }{ 8 } +\frac { 1 }{ 1 } =1+1=2\)
N_b = Number of atoms inside the body; Nc is the number of atoms at the comers.

Frenkel defect

(i) Silicon tetrachloride is used in the production of semiconducting silicon.
(ii) It is used as a starting material in the synthesis of silica gel, silicic esters, a binder for ceramic materials.

(i) Boranes are colourless diamagnetic compounds with low thermal stability.
(ii) Diborane is a gas at room temperature with sweet smell and it is extremely toxic.
(iii) It is also highly reactive At high temperatures it forms higher boranes liberating hydrogen.

Cu, Ag and Au which have been used in making of coins in ancient times are called coinage metals

(i) Silicon of is refined by Zone refining method.
(ii) It is based on the principle that melting point of a substance is lowered by the presence of impurities
(iii) Consequently when an impure molten metal is cooled, crystals of the pure metal are solidified and the impurities remain behind the remaining metal.

The pair of two optically active isomers which are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers.

(i) The three dimensional spatial arrangement of ligand atoms/ions that are directly attached to the central atom is known as the coordination polyhedron (or polygon).
(ii) For example, in K₄[Fe(CN)₆], the coordination polyhedron is octahedral. The coordination polyhedron of [Ni(CO)₄] is tetrahedral.

(i) The end product of both the processes is oxide of metal.
(ii) Volatile impurities are removed from the ore and surface area for the further reaction increases.

The preliminary step in metallurgical process is removal of the impurities. This removal process is known as concentration of ore.

Cis - platin, [pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]

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