According to Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines "Company Secretary" or "Secretary" means any individual possessing the prescribed qualifications, appointed to perform the duties which may be performed by a secretary under this Act and any other ministerial or administrative duties.

"First directors" means those directors who hold office form the date of incorporation of the company. The first directors are usually named in the articles of association or are appointed by the directors.

The person one who takes an active interest in the well being of a company and one of the Members of Board of Directors is called as Director of a company. A Director is a person from a Board of Director who leads or supervises the functioning of a company.

According to Section 2(84) of the Companies Act, 2013, share means share in the "Share Capital of a company and includes stock except where a distinction between stock and share is expressed or implied"

According to section 2(11) "body corporate" or "corporation" includes a private company, public company, one personal company, small company, Limited Liability Partnerships, a foreign company incorporated outside India, but does not include
(i) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies; and
(ii) any other body corporate (not being a company as defined in this Act)

Entrepreneur requires two types of finance namely long term and short term. While long-term requirements are needed for acquiring fixed assets, short-term requirement are meant for meeting working capital needs. Entrepreneur has to bring in promoters contribution (seed capital) prescribed by financing agencies.

Trading/ industrial ventures started by Government under various formats like company, corporation, departments, board denotes state entrepreneurship.

Classical entrepreneur is one who starts his own venture as a family business. They are called life timers. They engage in business as a matter of routine. Entrepreneurs from the business families are called classical entrepreneurs.

Usually they provide data relating to executives and top level personnel for which service they charge consultation fees also known as recruitment process outsourcing.

One single employee managing to learn how to perform in more than one job on rotation is called job rotation. This familiarises the employees with all kind of jobs performed.

According to Schumpeter's concept, "Women who innovate, imitate or adopt a business activity are known as women entrepreneurs".

Entrepreneurship generates employment opportunities to many people besides providing self-employment to the entrepreneur. Any business venture started triggers a variety of economic activities like purchasing raw material, creating employment opportunities and so on.

(i) When a cheque is crossed generally the banker should not pay the amount across the counter.
(ii) The receiver of the amount of the cheque can be easily traced in case the cheque is lost or stolen and collected. Thus the crossing assures safety.

According to Section 4 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, "a promissory note is an instrument in writing (not being a bank note or a currency note) containing an unconditional undertaking signed by the maker, to pay a certain sum of money only to or to the order of, a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument".

(i) Sensex is an index of the stocks in BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex has a list of 30 stocks.
(ii) BSE decides the stocks that are to be listed on Sensex.
(iii) Based on the above said factors, BSE regularly prepares a set of 30 stocks which will be together called as SENSEX.

The most common method of raising capital by new companies is through sale of securities to the public. It is called public issue.

According to Arun K. Datta, capital market may be defined as "a complex of institutions investment and practices with established links between the demand for and supply of different types of capital gains".

The monetary consideration for the goods sold is called price. If goods are exchanged for goods, it is only barter and not a sale.

The certificate of deposits are available for subscription by individuals, corporations, trusts, associations and NRIs.

364 days Treasury bills do not carry any fixed rate of discount. The discount rate on these bills are quoted in auction by the participants and accepted by the authorities. Such a rate is called cut -off rate.

Capital Market is the market for long term financial claim more than a year. (E.g) Shares, Debentures.

Money market is the market for short term financial claim. (E.g) Treasury Bills, Commercial paper, Certificates of Deposit.

George Odiorne.

Management by Exception.

Globalisation means the interaction and integration of the domestic economy with the rest of the world with regard to foreign investment, trade, production and financial matters. Globalization stands for the consolidation of the various economies of the world.

(i) Planning and co-ordination
(ii) Organising and co-ordination
(iii) Staffing and co-ordination
(iv) Directing and co-ordination
(v) Motivation and co-ordination ; and
(vi) Controlling and co-ordination.

Managerial functions are:
(i) Time specific
(ii) Institutional specific; and
(iii) Country specific.

External environment refers to those factors outside the business These factors by and large are beyond the control of  a business and hence uncontrollable.
e.g economic, political and socio-cultural factors.

According to Philip Kotler, "Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service

According to WI. Stanton, "Marketing is a total system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers

There are twin purposes of the management process: They are
(i) Maximum productivity or profitability; and
(ii) Maximum human welfare and satisfaction.

(i) This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior.
(ii) If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create confusion and conflict.
(iii) It is the control function which facilitates synchronization of actual performance with pre determined standards.

Mahatma Gandhi said about the Customer A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an interruption of our work. He is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider of our business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to do so.

(i) One who deals in a market; specifically, one who promotes or sells a product or service.
(ii) A marketer is some one whose job involves marketing.
(iii) Someone who promotes or exchanges goods or exchanges goods or services for money.

According to Pyle, "Market includes both place and region in which buyers and sellers are in free competition with one another.

According to Edwin B. Flippo, "Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing particular job''.

The apprentice or trainee learns the job knowledge and skills from the trainer or superior or senior worker. Generally the apprenticeship training is given to the technical cader like that Mechanics, Electricians, Craftsmen, Welders, Fitter, etc

One of the way by which consumers are being exploited is 'Artificial Scarcity'. In milk books and in cinema house use find 'No Stock' and 'House full' board outside. But milk and cinema tickets are available at a higher price in the black market.

Under section 2(1)d "Consumer means any person who buys any goods or avails services for personal use, for a consideration".

If all activities, which directly or indirectly facilitate that exchange of goods done through internet and other online environments is known as Electronic Commerce.

Content marketing is said to be the art of communicating with customers and prospects without selling. The Content Marketing institute calls it non-interruption marketing.

A person's mental age is a measurement of their ability to think when compared to the average person's ability at that age.

The successful candidate who passed through various stage of selection process will be called for final interview.

The word 'Vote' originated in Latin word 'Votum' indicating one's wishes or desire. By casting his vote one formally declaring his opinion or wish in favour of or against a proposal or a candidate to be elected for an office.

A person is appointed to perform activities which are confidential in nature and manage the day-to-daybusiness of the company is called secretary. The person who steers the company holding the administrative, financial and overall performance of thecompany is called company secretary.

Following companies are required to appoint KMP.
(i) Every listed company.
(ii) Every public company (Having paid up share capital of ₹ 10 crore or more).

 

'A Person who is appointed or elected member of the Board of Directors of a company and has the responsibility of determining and implementing policies along with others in the board. It is not necessary to, hold any shares in the company or be an employee. Directors act on the basis of resolutions made in the Board of Directors meeting according to their powers stated in the Articles of Association of the company''.

A company needs funds for extension and development purpose without increasing its share capital, it can borrow from the general public by issuing certificates for a fixed period of time and at a fixed rate of interest. Such a loan certificate is called a debenture.

The term 'preference shares' means that part of the share capital the holders of which have a preferential right over payment of dividend (fixed amount or rate) and repayment of share capital in the event of winding up of the company.

The digital India initiative has been launched to modernize the Indian Economy to make all government services available electronically. The initiative aims at transforming India into digitally empowered society and knowledge economy with universal access to goods and services.

(i) Startup India
(ii) Make in India
(ii) Digital India
(iv) Standup India

Agricultural entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who raise farm products and market them.

Corporate Entrepreneur is otherwise called Promoter.

(i) Discovery of idea
(ii) Determining the business objectives
(iii) Detailed investigation
(iv) Choice of form of enterprise

(i) Spirit of Enterprise,
(ii) Self confidence,
(iii) Flexibility,
(iv) Innovation.

According to section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 defines a cheque as "a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand"
 

(i) The word "Negotiable" means transferable from one person to another in return for consideration.
(ii) The word 'Instrument' means a written document by which a right is created in favour of certain person.
(iii) A negotiable instrument is a document which entitles a person to a certain sum of money and which is transferable from one person to another by mere delivery or by endorsement and delivery.

(i) Contingent goods are the goods, the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency.
(ii) Contingent goods are a part of future goods.

(i)  Goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility.
(ii) The term 'goods' includes every kind of movable property, stocks, and shares, growing crops, etc. Goodwill, trademarks, copy rights, patent rights etc., are all also regarded as goods.

(i) Bharat Aluminimum Co. Ltd., (BALCO)
(ii) Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL)
(iii) Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd (IPCL)
(iv) Maruthi Udyog Ltd (MUL)
(v) Modern Food Industries Ltd (MFIL)

Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, agency or publicservice from the government to the private sector.

1. GST is the indirect tax levied on goods and services across the country.
2. It is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination based tax that is levied on every value addition.

According to Bayard O Wheeler Business environment is "the total of all things external to firms and industries which affect their organisation and operations".

(i) Complaint can be registered within 2 years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen, to the date on which the completion from the deficiency in service.
(ii) Stamp paper is not required for declaration
(iii) Complaint can be registered, in person, by the complaint or through his authorised agent or by post addressed to the Redressal Agency.

1. As per the consumer protection act, 1986 at the district leveleach state established a consumer dispute redressal forum known as the District Forum.
2. The district forumconsists of a president and two members. The District Forum shall entertain the complaints' where the value of goods or services exceeds the limit of  ₹ 20lakhs.

The consumer has to have the knowledge about the quality from his own experiences or from the experience of other persons who used the product or by browsing the website.

(i) Consumers should be given all the relevant facts about the product so that they can take intelligent decisions on purchasing the product.
(ii) Advertising and labelling on the package should provide objective information to buyers.
(iii) This implies that manufacturer and the dealer are expected to disclose all the material facts relevant and relating to the product.

(i)The Central Government enacted a comprehensive law called the Consumer Protection Act in 1986.
(ii) This Act came into force with effect from 15.04.1987. This Act was further amended in 1993.
(iii)The Act is referred in short as 'COPRA'.
(iv) The act provides safeguards to consumers against defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices and other forms of their exploitation.

'Caveat emptor' is a Latin term which means "let the buyer beware." In other words, the principle of caveat emptor serves as a warning to the buyers that they have no recourse with the seller if the product does not meet their expectations.

E-Marketing is achieving marketing objectives through use of digital technologies like Internet, World Wide Web, email, wireless media and management of digital Customer data and electronic customer management systems (E-CRM).

(i) Service marketing is a specialised branch of marketing.
(ii) Service marketing denotes the processing of selling service goods like telecommunication, banking, insurance, car rentals, healthcare, tourism, professional services, repairs, etc.

"A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or a need'', says Philip Kotler.

(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing mix strategy
(iii) Costs

Thcsc are types of markets which are organised, controllcd and regulated by statutory measures. Example :Stock Exchange of Chennai,Mumbai, Kolkata, ctc.

Ans.According to Business dictionary "A person whosc duties include the identification of the goodsandservices desired by a set of consumers, as well as the marketing of those goods and services on behalf of the company".

E-learning is the use of technological process to access of a traditional classroom or office. E-learning is also often referred to us online learníng or web based training.

Training refers to the teaching and learning activities carried on for the primary purpose of helping members of an organization to acquire and to apply the required knowledge, skill and attitudes to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently.

(i) Placement is a process of assigning a specific job to each and every candidate selected.
(ii) Placement signifies placing the rights person on the right job in a good manner.
(iii) The term placement includes initial assignment of new employees and promotion, transfer or demotion of precent employees.

Interview represents a face to face interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee. An interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas, the answering of questions and communication between two or more persons

Organizations instead of training and developing their own employees hire employees of other competitive companies by paying them more both financial and non financial benefits. It is also called raiding.

(i) Promotion means the movement of an employee from his level to the top level.
(ii) Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity to move up in the organisational hierarchy. This is known as promotion.

(i) Human resource is the only factor of production that lives.
(ii) Human resources created all other resources.

(i)The branch of management that deals with managing human resource is known as Human resource management.
(ii) Human resource management is a function of management concerned with hiring, motivating and maintaining people in an organisation. It focuses on people in an organisation.

PAN card,Voters ID, Passport, Drivers license, Bank attestation,IT returns, electricity bill, telephone bill,ID cards with applicants photo issued by the central or state governmnent and its departments are the various ID proofs.

(i) Regulation of Stock Exchanges: The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there.
(ii) Protection to the Investors: The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc.

(i) The normal trading time for equity market is between 9.15 a.m. to 3.30 p.m., Monday to Friday.
(ii) It is closed on the weekends and National holidays.

(i) A number of new structures have been added to the existing structure of the Indian stock exchange.
(ii) Recent Development in Stock Exchange
1) National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE)
2) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
3) National Clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
4) Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI)

A method of trading whereby merchants bid against one another and where the securities are sold to the highest bidder is known as auctioning.

A market whereby the government or gilt edged securities can be bought and sold is called 'Government securities market'.

The participants of the capital market include individuals, corporate sectors, Government,banks and other financial institutions.

(i) Financial institutions that provide facilities for channeling savings, of small investors into avenues of productive investments are called Mutual Funds.
(ii) A mutual fund company invests the funds pooled from shareholders and gives them the benefit of diversified investment portfolio and a reasonable return

Secondary markets allow for the determination of the price of the traded financial asset through the interaction of buyers and sellers. They provide a signal for the allocation of funds in the economy, based on the demand and supply, though the mechanism called price discovery processes.

Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt Instrument (i.e. Government Bonds or Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds).

(i)  KRA means Key result areas. Key Result area are fixed on the basis of organisational objectives premises.
(ii) Key Result Areas are arranged on a priority basis. KRA indicates the strength of an organisation.
(iii) The examples of KRA are profitability, market standing, innovation etc.

The objectives of MBO are ;
(i) to measure and judge performance.
(ii) to relate individual performance to organisational goals

(i) The classroom must be with proper facility and lesson plan must be planned in advanced and lecture should be given to teachers in a proper manner.
(ii) They should be proper coordinate between students and teacher to avoid conflict among them in order to achieve peace.

The goals are achieved with the help of motivation. Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of the workers.

Authority means the right ofa superior to give the order to his subordinates whereas responsibility means obligation for performance.

Tools of managements have been developed such as accounting, business law, psychology, statistics, econometrics, data processing, etc.

According to Dale Yoder human resource management as ''the effective process of planning and directing the application, development and utilisation of human resources in employment''.

(i) The Consumer Protection Act postulates establishment of Consumer Protection Councils at the District, State and Central levels for the purpose of spreading consumer awareness.
(ii) The objects of the Councils, as per the Act, shall be to promote and protect the rights of the consumers