1. Poll means tendering or offering vote by ballot to a specially appointed officer, called the polling officer.
2. Under the Companies Act, poll means exercising a voting right in the proportion to shareholder's contribution to the paid up capital of a limited company having a share capital.

 (i) Alternate directors are appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than three months.
(ii) The appointment must be authorised either by the Articles of Association of the company or by a passing a resolution in the General Meeting.
(iii) The alternative director is not a representative or agent of Original Director.

Condition stipulated for capital subscription
(i) The fulfilling formalities to raise necessary capital.
(ii) Adhering to SEBI guidelines in this regard.
(iii) Fulfilling the condition for valid allotment by director.
(iv) Filing allotment return with the Registrar.

(i) STEP - Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women
(ii) JAM  - Jan Dhan - Aadhaar - Mobile
(iii) SEED - Science for Equity Empowerment and Development

Ventures started by individual either singly or collectively at their own risk after mobilising various resources in order to earn a profit are called private entrepreneurship.

Promotional functions of entrepreneur
(i) Discovery of ldlea : The first and foremost function of cntrepreneur is idea gencration. Ideas can be generated through several ways like own experience and exposure of entreprencur, keen observation of environment, education, training, market survey, environmental scanning and so on.
(ii) Detailed Investigation: Entrepreneur has to analyse in detail the product proposes to produce. 
(iv) Choice of form of enterprise: Entrepreneur has to choose the appropriate form of organisation suited to implement the venture. There are various forms of organisation namely sole proprietor, partnership, company and cO-operatives etc.
(iv) Preparation of Business Plan: Entrepreneur has to prepare a business plan or project report of the venture that he is proposing to take up.
(v) Mobilisation of Funds: Entrepreneur has to take steps to mobilize capital needed to implement the venture.Entrepreneur has to estimate the fixed capital and working capital required for running the project.

The property (ownership or title) in the goods has to pass at a future time or after the fulfillment of certain conditions specified in the contract is called agreement to sell.

i) Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, agency or public service from the government to the private sector.
ii) Under this policy many Public Sector Units (PSUs) were sold to private sector.
iii) The main reason for privatisation was that PSUs were running in losses due to mismanagement and political interference.
iv) The managers could not work independently and the production capacity remained under-utilized.
v) To increase competition and efficiency privatisation of PSUs was inevitable.

(i) The future environment of business in this age of rapid technological advancement has been captured.
(ii) It is now important for every business to meet the challenges.
(iii) The uncertain conditions and situations requires a firm to be prepared to face the volatility by planning.
(iv) VUCA environment a firm has to be forward-looking anticipating the change, adaptability will remain essential for the success of any business in an ambiguous, uncertain environment.

No, The District Forum can entertain complaints within the territory of genuine district and, where the value of goods or services and the compensation if any claimed is less than Rs 20 Lakhs.

Consumer right is interpreted as "the right to have information about the quality, potency, quantity, purity, price and standard of goods or services".

The importance of consumerism lies in
(i)  Awakening and uniting consumers.
(ii) Discouraging unfair trade practices.
(iii) Protecting against exploitation.
(iv) Awakening the government.
( v) Effective implementation of consumer protection laws.
 

Importance of social marketing:
(i) The primary aim of social marketing is social good such as anti-tobacco, anti-drug, anti-pollution, anti-dowry, road safety, protection of girl child, against the use of plastic bags.
(ii) Social marketing promotes the consumption of socially desirable products and health consciousness.
(iii) It helps to eradicate social evils that affect the society and quality of life.

Factors affecting price of the product/service.
(a) Internal Factors:
(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing Mix strategy
(iii) Organisational considerations
(iv) Costs
(v) Organisation objectives
(b) External Factors:
(vi) The market and demand
(vii) Competition
(viii) Customers
(ix) Suppliers
(x) Legal factors
(xi) Regulatory factors

The dynamic items that can be marketed are
listed below:
(i) Goods
(ii) Services
(iii) Experiences
(iv) Events
(v) Persons
(vi) Places
(vii) Properties
(viii) Organisations
(ix) Information
(x) Ideas

Trainer:
(i)  Trainer is a person who teaches skills to employce and prepare them or a job activity.
(ii) The trainer is otherwise called Instructor,Coach, Teacher,  Mentor, Counsellor, Guide, Guru, Handler, Tutor and Educator etc.
Trainee :
(i)   A person who is learning and practising the skills of particular job is called trainee.
(ii)  Trainees should be selected on the basis of self interest and recommendation by the supervisor or by the human resource department itself.
 

(i) Structured interview method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre-prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
(ii) Ultimately interviewees are ranked on the basis of score earned by the candidate in the interview.
(iii) It is otherwise called as Guided interview and Planned interview.

According to edwin B. Flippo, "It is a process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating and encouraging them to apply for jobs in an organisation''.

The vital resource namely human resource is significant because of the following reasons:
(i) It is only through human resource all other resources are effectively used
(ii) Industrial relations depend on human resource.
(iii) Human relations is possible only through human resource
(iv) Human resource manages all other factors of production
(v) Human resource can be utilised at all levels of management
(vi) Human resources are well protected by legislative frameworks.

(i) We need to submit proof of identity and address along with a passport size photograph and the account opening form. Only photocopies ofthe documents are required for submission, and originals are also required for verification.
(ii) The Proof of identity may be, PAN card, voter's ID, passport, driver's license, bank attestation, IT returns, electricity bill, telephone bill, ID cards with applicant's photo issued by the central or state government and its departments, etc.
(iii) The Proof of address may be Ration card, passport, Voter's ID card, bank passbook or bank statement, verified copies of electricity bills, residence telephone bills, lease and license agreement or agreement for sale, etc.

National stock market system was advocated by the Higher powered group on the establishment of New stock Exchanges headed by Shri. M.J. Pherwani (popularly known as pherwani committee).
At present the National stock Market in India comprises the following:
(i) National Stock Exchanges of India Limited (NSE)
(ii) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
(iii) National clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
(iv) Securities Trading Corporation of India. (STCI)

There are many participants in the Money Market.
The participants are as follows:
(i) Government of different countries
(ii) Central banks of different countries
(iii) Private and Public banks
(iv) Mutual fund institutions
(v) Insurance companies
(vi) Non-Banking Financial Institutions
 

Capital market is divided into two i.e. primary market and secondary market.
(i) Primary Market
(a) Primary Market is a market for new issues or new financial claims. Hence, it is also called New Issue Market.
(b) The primary market deals with those securities which are issued to the public for the first time.
(c) In the primary market, borrowers exchange new financial securities for long term funds.
​​​​(d) There are three ways by which a company may raise capital in a primary market.There are:
  a) Public Issue
  b) Rights Issue
  c) Private Placement
(ii) Secondary Market :
(a) Secondary Market may be defined as the market for old securities.
(b) Securities which are previously Issued in the primary market are traded here.
(c) The trading takes place between investors who follow the original issue in the primary market.

(i) Secondary market may be defined as the market for old securities, in the sense that securities which are previously issued in the primary market are traded here.
(ii) The trading takes place between investors who follow the original issue in the primary market.
(iii) It covers both stock exchange and over the counter market.

(i) Primarily, it is necessary to set objectives or norms with predictable or estimated results.
(ii) These performances are assessed and get equated to the actual performance. Next, the deviation gets analysed.
(iii) With an insignificant or no deviation; no action is a required and senior managers can concentrate on other matters.
(iv) If actual performances deviates significantly, the issue needs to be passed to the senior managers, as an exception has occurred.
(v) Finally the union is to solve this "exception" immediately.

Taylor propounded the principles of scientific management. They are:
(i) Science, Not Rule of Thumb
(ii) Harmony, Not Discord
(iii) Mental Revolution
(iv) Co-operation, Not individualism
(v) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity.

(i) Innovation 
(ii) Representation 
(iii) Decision-making 
(iv) Communication