Only an individual who is a member of the institute of company secretaries of India can be appointment as a company secretary.
(i) By the Promoters: The first secretary of a company is appointed by the promoters at the pre-incorporation stage and such name is mentioned in the Articles of Association.
(ii) By the First Board of Directors: After the company has been registered, the first board of directors appoints the secretary at the first board meeting. The board of directors can continue the existing secretary appointed by promoters or can appoint a new company secretary.

The main objectives of Company Law 1956 are:
(i) To sustain the trust and faith of Shareholders
(ii) To protect and preserve the rights of Shareholders
(iii) To have drastic control over all the activities of the company
(iv) To make regulation of an effective Annual Meeting,
(v) The investment of the general public should be used for the development of society or social welfare activities.

(i) Statutory License: Entrepreneur has to obtain Municipal License from the authority. concerned. Then the Entrepreneur has to register the unit with the Central and Sales Tax Department.
(ii) Power Connection: Entrepreneur has to make application to Assistant Divisional Engineer of State Electricity Board for power connection after paying Security Deposit and fulfilling the official formalities prescribed.

(i) Technical Entrepreneur:
(a) Technical entrepreneurs are such of those craftsmen like a welder, fitter, moulder, draughtsman, turner, carpenter, goldsmith, tailor, photographer, repairer, weaver, sculptor, potter, wiremen or so on who start small ventures.
(b) This type of entrepreneur demonstrates their creative talents by . producing innovative products.
(ii) Non-technical Entrepreneur:
Non-technical Entrepreneurs are those who do not possess any technical competence to produce the goods or service but have special talents to market the products successfully or expertise to distribute the products produced by technical entrepreneur effectively to channel members and end consumers.
(iii) Professional Entrepreneur:
(a) A professional entrepreneur is one who is having rich expertise in starting a venture but lack interest in, continuing the venture as a manager or as an owner.
(b) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.

(i) MICR code is a character - recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease processing and clearance of cheques and other documents.
(ii) It is found at the bottom of the cheque. It includes bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount and a control indicator.
(iii) The MICR code helps the banker to ensure the legitimacy or originality of paper documents.
(iv) The special ink used in the MICR code is sensitive to magnetic fields.
(v) It prevents the crime of printing counterfeit cheques or documents using technology.
(vi) The magnetic ink will help discover fake documents.

(i) Negotiability: Negotiability refers to the transferability of all the rights and titles on an instrument by delivery or by endorsement and delivery, vesting with the bonafide transferee for value even better title than what the transferor had. This is the unique characteristics of a negotiable instrument.
(ii) Assignability: Assignability refers to the transferability of personal properties and rights from one person to another as a gift or sale or as security. In short, transferability of ownership of any goods other than negotiable instruments is called Assignability.

(i) Jobbers:
(a) Jobbers are security merchants dealing in shares, debentures as independent operators.
(b) They buy and sell securities on their own behalf and try to earn through price changes.
(c) In India, they are called Taravaniwalas.
(ii) Gambling:
(a) There is no reasoning involved in gambling.
(b) It accentuates fluctuations in price and it is unethical and illegal.
(c) It does not perform economic function.

Gilt-Edged Market also known as Government Securities market is the market for Government and semi-Government securities.
An important feature of the securities traded in this market. That they are stable in value and are much sought after by banks.
(i) Guaranteed return on investments
(ii) No speculation in securities
(iii) Institutional based investors which are compelled by law to invest a portion of their funds in these securities.
(iv) Predominated by such institutions as LIC, GIC, PFs and the commercial banks.

(i) A condition is a stipulation which is essential to the main purpose of the contract. It is core to the contract.
(ii) The non-fulfillment of the condition cancels the very contract.
(iii) E.g. 'A' intends to buy a motorbike from 'B. 'A' insists that the bike should give him a mileage of 50 km per litter.
(iv) He prefers to have a red color bike. 'B' a mechanic gets a bike which gives him 55 kms per litter.
(v) But the color is green. In this case, 'A' cannot cancel the contract.
(vi) Since 'A'. is very particular about the mileage, it is a condition to the contract.
(vii) That part of the contract is fulfilled by 'B'. However, 'A' can ask the mechanic 'B' to bear the cost of repainting it with red color.

A well-developed money market serves the following objectives :
(i) Providing an equilibrium mechanism for ironing out short-term surplus and deficits.
(ii) Providing a focal point for central bank intervention for influencing liquidity in the company.
(iii) Providing access in uses to users of short term money to meet their requirements at a reasonable price.

(a) Primary market:
(i) Primary market is a term used to include all the institutions that are involved in the sale of securities for the first time by the issuers.
(ii) Here the money from investors goes directly to the issuers.
(b) Second by market:
(i) Secondary market is the market for securities that are already issued.
(ii) Stock exchange is an important institution in the secondary market

Disadvantages:
(i) Lack of welfare: Majority of private companies whose main motive is profitmaking, do not indulge in public interest or welfare services like free education to poor, free medical treatment, etc.
(ii) Political pressure: When private companies fail to deliver, the public has no powers to intervene and government does not always have time or expertise to force them to keep their promises.
(iii) Ignores the weaker sections: Privatisation often goes hand in hand with encouraging richer people to pay more and opt for best quality services.

Yes, controlling is a systematic process which involves following steps
(i) Setting performance standards.
(ii) Measurement of actual performance
(iii) Comparing actual performance with standards.
(iv) Analysing deviations
(v) Taking corrective action

There are 3 taxes applicable under this system.
(i) CGST : Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening in TamilNadu)
(ii) SGST Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening within TamilNadu)
(iii) IGST : Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale (Eg : Punjab to Tamil Nadu)

(i) Functional school sees management as a process of planning, organising, directing and controlling.
(ii) Behavioural school is not interested in the process only but rather in the way the process affects the organisation, i.e., with and through personnel or human resouse
(iii) Quantitative school wants to improve the quality of decision making, i.e., fulfilling the stated objectives of the enterprise.
(iv) Systems approach concentrates on the entire organisation, i.e., inputs - process - outputs,
(v) Contingency approach emphasises dynamic nature of management process in an everchanging business environment.

(i) A consumer as defined under Consumer Protection Act, 1986
(ii) A registered Voluntary Consumer Association
(iii) Central Government
(iv) State Government / Union Territory
(v) One or more consumer representing numerous consumers having the same interest

(i) Money market: It is a type of market where short term securities are exchanged. It provides short term and very short term finance to industries, banks, governments agencies and financial intermediates.
(ii) Foreign exchange market: It is an international market. This type of markets helps exporters and importers, in converting their currencies into foreign currencies and vice versa.
(iii) Stock market: This is a market where sales and purchases of shares, debentures, bonds etc. It is also known as securities market.

Training is important for an organisation because of the following reasons:
(i) Training of the workers leads to increase in productivity and reduction of wastages.
(ii) It reduces absenteeism and labour turnover as trained workers become more confident and thus, they became regular and stick to their job and place.
(iii) It is required to teach technology and work methods to employees.

The following basic structure of functioning is recommended:
(i) Monthly meetings and demonstrations for one hour after school hours on the First Thursday of each month. Each month a topic/activity may be scheduled as in the model calendar.
(ii) Days of National and International importance to consumers may be celebrated in the School/College. Poster/ Speech / Essay competitions can be organised at school level by the Consumer Club to sensitise the students on the importance of the day.
(iii) Field visits to local markets / Consumer Courts and door to door campaign in the local community etc., may be organized for at least 4 days in a year. It can be done on Saturdays with prior arrangement.
(iv) Minutes of each activity have to be recorded by the Student and Teacher Co-ordinator jointly as properly document.

(i) Viral Marketing:
(1) Viral marketing is able to generate interest and the potential sale of a brand or product through messages that spread quickly like a virus from person to person.
(2) The most widespread example in recent times is the creation of moving, surprising or spectacular videos on YouTube, which are then shared on Facebook, Twitter and other channels.
(ii) Ambush Marketing:
(1) Ambush marketing is a method of building brands in covert ways. For example X has sponsored a football event to promote his brand. Every time camera zooms on reference, a group of people sitting on the bench wearing 'Y' company brand name imposed shirt comes into focuses.
(2) Bigger companies engage in ambush marketing tactics to undermine official event sponsors

(i) Mental arithmetic test : It tests the candidate's basic numerical ability like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and fraction. It test the speed of doing calculation.
(ii) Vocabulary test : The test measures candidate's ability to recognize the relationship among the ideas, think methodically and fluency in English language.
(iii) Number sequence test: This measures the candidate's ability to find a logic in a series or pattern. Under this test, candidates have to find out missing number in a sequence to determine the pattern.

Management by objectives is intended primarily
(i) To measure and judge performance
(ii) To relate individual performance to organisational goals.
(ii) To clarify both the job to be done and the expectations of accomplishment.
(iii) To foster the increasing competence and growth of the subordinate.
(v) To serve as a basis for judgements about salary and promotion.
(vi) To stimulate the subordinates motivation
(vii) To serve as a device for organisational control and integration.