Secretary has to discharge non-statutory functions in relation to directors, shareholders and office and staff. These functions are briefly mentioned.
(a) Functions as an agent of directors;
(b Functions towards shareholders;
(c) Functions towards office and staff.
(i) Functions in Relation to Directors: A company secretary acts under the full control of the board of directors and carries out the instructions of the directors. The secretary provides necessary advice and information to the board to formulate company policy and arrive at decisions.
(ii) Functions in Relation to Shareholders: The company secretary must serve in the best interests of the shareholders.
(iii) Functions in Relation to Office and Staff: The Secretary is the kingpin of the whole corporate machinery. He is responsible for the smooth functioning of the office work. He exercises overall supervision, control, and coordination of all clerical activities in the office.

The earliest business associations in England were the "Merchant Guilds". Some of the merchant Associations or guilds who have regulated the companies.
(i) A Royal Charter established the East India Company in the year 1600.
(ii) In England, the Joint Stock Companies Act was passed for the first time in 1844.
(iii) In the year 1850, taking the English Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 as a base, a provision was made for registration of joint stock companies in India.
(iv) The Joint Stock Companies Act was passed in India by introducing the concept of limited liability in the year 1857.
(v) In 1913, the Indian Companies Act of 1913 was passed. The Act introduces the institution of private companies in the corporate sector in India. After Independence. Based on the recommendation of the Shri. H. C. Baba committee in 1950 and the provisions of the English Companies Act 1948, the Companies Act 1956 was introduced in the parliament.

(i) Employee referral: The existing employees of the organisation may recommend some of their relatives or known people who will be suitable for the existing vacancies.
(ii) Government/Public Employment Exchanges: These are exchanges established by Government which facilitates recruitment throughout the country.
(iii) Private Employment Agencies: These are similar to Public employment exchanges except that the ownership is the hands of private parties.
(iv) Employment consultancies: These types of firms facilitate recruitment on behalf of client companies at cost.
(v) Professional associations: Organisations seeking applicants of high calibre and repute with technical knowledge approach professional associations like Institute of chartered accountants, The Indian Medial association and All India Management Association etc.
(vi) Deputation: A person who is already an employee of an organisation can be deputed for a specific job for a specified period as a short term solutions.
(vii) Labour contractors: Organisations recruit unskilled and manual labourers through these contractors.

Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs
(i) Opportunities Based on Business: Women entrepreneurs are bestowed with numerous business opportunities depending upon their area, choice of industry, the capacity to invest, technical and non-technical skills, etc.
(ii) Financial Opportunities: All Banks in India provide financial support to the women Entrepreneur, in the form of micro small loans to buy Raw Materials and Equipment.
(iii) Non-Financial support: Women entrepreneurs are provided with the following non-financial support in the form of:
i. Financial counseling and training
ii. Business advisory service
iii. Handling legal barriers
iv. Establishing Commercial linkages
v. Client research
(iv) Opportunities Created by Associations: There are various associations like Self Help Groups (SHG), Federation of Indian Women Entrepreneurs (FIWE), Women's India Trust (WIT), Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO), Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA), Tamilnadu Corporation for Development of Women Ltd. (TNCDW), Women Entrepreneurs Promotion Association (WEPA), Women Entrepreneurs Association of Tamil Nadu (WEAT) are aggressively promoting women entrepreneurship in India.
(v) Opportunities Created by Government: Government both Union and Central have put in a number of schemes exclusively for the promotion of women entrepreneurship namely:
i. Mahila Coir Yojana
ii. Mahila E-haat
iii. Magalir Udavi Scheme
iv. Prime Minister's RozgarYojana (PMRY)

Speculators in a stock market are of different types. They carry their names depending on their motive of trading in the stock exchange. Types of speculators are as follows:
(i) Bull:
(a) A Bull or Tejiwala is an operator who expects a rise in prices of securities in the future.
(b) He is called bull because just like a bull tends to throw his victim up in the air, the bull speculator stimulates the price to rise.
(c) He is an optimistic speculator.
(ii) Bear:
(a) A bear or Mandiwala speculator expects prices to fall in future and sells securities at present with a view to purchase them at lower prices in future.
(b) A bear usually presses its victim down to ground.
(c) A bear is a pessimistic speculator.
(iii) Stag:
(a) A stag is a cautious speculator in the stock exchange.
(b) He selects those companies whose shares are in more demand and are likely to carry a premium.
(c) He sells the shares before being called to pay the allotment money. He is also called a premium hunter.
(iv) Lame Duck:
(a) When a bear finds it difficult to fulfill his commitment, he is said to be struggling like a lame duck.
(b) A bear speculator contracts to sell I securities at a later date.
(c) On the appointed time he is not able to get the securities as the holders are not willing to part with them.

Right of an Unpaid Seller against the Buyer Personally
(i) Suit for price: Where the ownership in the goods has passed to the buyer and the buyer refuses to pay for the goods, the seller can file a case against the buyer for the price.
(ii) Suit for Damage for Non-acceptance: Where the buyer wrongfully refuses to accept the goods, the seller can sue him for damages for non-acceptance of the goods.
(iii) Suit for Cancellation of the contract before the Due Date:  Where the buyer cancels the contract before the date of delivery, the seller may either treat the contract as continuing or wait till the due date or he can file a case against buyer immediately.
(iv) Suit for Interest: Where there is a specific agreement between buyer and seller regarding charging interest on the price the seller can recover interest from the buyer from the due date of the contract till the date of payment of purchase price.

Tata has always been values-driven. These values continue to direct the growth and business of Tata companies. The five core Tata values underpinning the way we do business are:
(i) Integrity: We will be fair, honest, transparent and ethical in our conduct; everything we do must stand the test of public scrutiny.
(ii) Excellence: We will be passionate about achieving the highest standards of quality, always promoting meritocracy.
(iii) Unity: We will invest in our people and partners, enable continuous learning, and build caring and collaborative relationships based on trust and mutual respect.
(iv) Resonsibility : We will integrate environmental and social principles in our businesses, ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to the people many times over.
(v) Pioneering: We will be bold and agile, courageously taking on challenges, using deep customer insight to develop innovative solutions.
(vi) Mission: To improve the quality of life of the communities we serve globally through long-term stakeholder value creation based on Leadership with Trust.

On the basis of geographical area can be classified into (a) Family market, (b) Local market, (c) National market, (d) International market or World market.
(a) Family market : When exchange of goods or services are confined within a family or close members of the family, such a market can be called as family market.
(b) Local market: Participation of both the buyers and sellers belonging to a local area or areas, may be a town or village, is called as local market. 
(c) National market : Certain type of commodities has demand throughout the country. Hence it is called as a national market.
(d) International market or World market: World or International market is one where the buyers and sellers of goods are from different countries i.e., involvement of buyers and sellers beyond the boundaries of a nation.

(i) It is the social force protecting the consumer and aiding the consumer.
(ii) Consumerism is the society's attempt to bring back the balance in the exchange between the buyers and sellers as the strength of power is normally in favour of sellers rather than buyers.
(iii) Producers, sellers and service providers give importance to the consumers.
(iv) In a sense every one of us is a consumer. It may be individuals, families and institutions.
(v) they consume a variety of products and avail a number of services almost everyday

(i) Good Talent:
Proper selection system enables the organization to appoint talented persons for various activities and thereby leading to improved productivity and profitability of the organisation.
(ii) Better Eficiency :
Selection of right person to the right job is sure to produce better quality of work and may facilitate faster achievement of objectives. This will help in greater measure to tone up the overall efficiency of organisation.
(iii) Reduced Cost of Trainning and Development : 
Better selection of candidates definitely reduces the cost of training because qualified personnel have better grasping power.
If they select suitable candidates for suitable job. they can easily understand the techniques of the work better in quick time.
Besides, the organization can develop different training programmes for different persons on the basis of their individual differences. thus reducing the time and cost of training considerably.
(iv) Reduced Turnover :
Proper selection of candidates contributes to low labour turnover. This will inturn help the organisation to minimize recruitment cost.
(v) Job motivtion:
If the right person is selected for the right job, it tends to motivate the person to work more effectively and efficiently.
They feel that their skills are properly used and they tend to contribute more attention to the job.
(vi) Other Benifits:
Proper selection of candidates reduces absenteeism.
They would pay better attention to their jobs and take safety precautions on their own accord would minimize the occurance of work place accidents.