The following matters require special notice before they are discussed in the meeting
(i) To appoint an auditor a person other than a retiring auditor
(ii) To provide expressly that a retiring Auditor shall not be reappointed
(ii) To remove a director before the expiry of his period of office
(iv) To appoint a director in the place of a director so removed.

 (i) Alternate directors are appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than three months.
(ii) The appointment must be authorised either by the Articles of Association of the company or by a passing a resolution in the General Meeting.
(iii) The alternative director is not a representative or agent of Original Director.

(i) The definition of the term 'Share' under the Companies Act, 1956 (section 2(46)) includes stock.
(ii) A company can convert its shares into stock and vice versa by following the provisions of Table A (Article 36 - 39).
(iii) Stock is created from fully paid shares by passing an ordinary resolution in the general meeting.
(iv) The Article of Association of the company must permit this conversion.

(i) STEP - Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women
(ii) JAM  - Jan Dhan - Aadhaar - Mobile
(iii) SEED - Science for Equity Empowerment and Development

(i) political environment is the state government and legislation, public and private state holder
(ii) It has an impact on the business whether in a positive or negative way.

According to J.A. Schumpeter Joseph A. Schumpeter, "Entrepreneurship is essentially a creative activity. It consists of doing such things as are generally not done in ordinary course of business. An entrepreneur is one who innovates, i.e. carries out new combination or enterprise''.

The property (ownership or title) in the goods has to pass at a future time or after the fulfillment of certain conditions specified in the contract is called agreement to sell.

(i) Corporations got a competitive advantage from lower operating costs, and access to new raw materials and additional markets.
(ii) Multinational corporations (MNCs) can manufacture, buy and sell goods world wide.
(iii) Globalisation has led to a boom in consumer products market.

The major elements of the political and legal environment are:
(i) Political stability is reflected by the following parameters like the election system, the law and order situation, the role and structure of Military and Police force, the declaration of President's rule, civil war, etc
(ii)Political organisation refers to the ideology and philosophy of the political parties, the government, the role and degree of authority of bureaucracy, the level of political consciousness among citizens and the funding of political parties by business houses.
(iii) The image ofthe leader and the country in the inter-national arena
(iv) Legal tramework of business and their degree of tlexibility.

(i) yes, it is for the welfare of the consumers is often deprived of their rights. They are often exploited through misleading advertisements, poor quality goods, fractional weights and measures, overcharging, etc.
(ii) The objects of the Councils, as per the Act, shall be to promote and protect the rights of the consumers.

(i) There may be few products that are more likely to cause physical danger to consumers health lives and property. They may contain potentially harmful substances which are dangerous from the consumer welfare point of view.
(ii) The best examples of this kind are food additives, colours, emulsifiers, preservatives. The health hazards which are likely to arise have to be eradicated or reduced altogether.
(iii)In case of food items and drugs both life saving and life sustaining safety is to be guaranteed.One thing that is encouraging to-day is that recent legislations have shifted the responsibility for the production of such unsafe items on to the shoulders of sellers rather than on buyers.

(i) There are certain situations where the shop-keepers put up the board 'No Stock' in front of their shops, even though there is plenty of stock in the store.
(ii) In such situations consumers who are desperate to buy such goods have to pay hefty price to buy those goods and thus earning more profit unconscientiously.
(iii) Even in Cinema houses, board may hang in the main entrance 'House Full' while cinema tickets will be freely available at a higher price in the black market.

B2B
(i) Business to Business involve companies that are selling to other companies such as one business finished products would be the law materials of the other business.
(ii) Whole sales sell their products in bulk from their manufacturing plants to businesses that turn around and sell those products to customers.
B2C
(i) Business to Consumer is the most common E-Commerce companies, which include companies selling finished goods or products to consumers directly through their websites.
(ii) The products could be shipped and delivery from the company's warehouse or directly from the manufacture.

Factors affecting price of the product/service.
(a) Internal Factors:
(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing Mix strategy
(iii) Organisational considerations
(iv) Costs
(v) Organisation objectives
(b) External Factors:
(vi) The market and demand
(vii) Competition
(viii) Customers
(ix) Suppliers
(x) Legal factors
(xi) Regulatory factors

Yes, Marketer seeks to distinguish his products/services by adding additional features or functionalities to the existing product, modifying the pricing structure, introducing new delivery pattern, creating new business models, introducing change in production process and soon.

(i) Vestibule training is training of employees in an environment similar to actual work environment artificially created for training purpose.
(ii) This type of training is given to avoid any damage or loss to machinery in the actual place by trainees and avoid disturb the normal work flow in the actual work place.
(iii) It is given to Drivers, Pilots, Space Scientists, etc.

Several tests are, conducted in the selection process. They are
(1)Ability Test
(i) Aptitude test
(ii) Achievement test
(iii) Intelligence test
(iv) Judgment test
(2)Personality Test
(i) Interest test
(ii) Personality test
(iii) Projective test
(iv) Altitude test

(i) A job portal is a website which helps in the recruitment process by bringing together both the employer and the job seeking candidate.
(ii) The candidate will have to create his profile by uploading his resume which will be ther viewed by the employer as and when there is any opening.
(iii) It is a simplified process of job hunting.
(iv) A job portal also known as a career portal is a modern name for an online job board that helps applicants find jobs and aids employers in their quest to locate ideal candidates.

The unique, peculiar and distinctive features of human resources are as under :
(i) Human resource is the only factor of production that lives.
(ii) Human resource created all other resources.
(iii) It is only the labour of employees that is hired and not the employee himself.
(iv) Human resource exhibits innovation and creativity.

Insider trading means the buying and selling of securities by directors Promoters, etc. Who have access to some confidential information about the company and who wish to take advantage of the confidential information.

Bull :
(a) A Bull or Tejiwala is an operator who expects a rise in prices of securities in the future.
(b) In anticipation of price rise he makes purchases of shares at present and other securities with the intention to sell at higher prices in future.
(c) He is called bull because just like a bull tends to throw his victim up in the air, the bull stimulates the price to rise. He is an optimistic speculator.
Bear :
(a) A Bear or Mandiwala speculator expects prices to fall in future and sells securities at present with a view to purchase them at lower prices in future.
(b) A bear does not have securities at present but sells them at higher prices in anticipation that he will supply them by purchasing at lower prices in future. A bear is a pessimistic speculator.

Features of certificate of deposits are:
(i) Document of title to time deposit
(ii) It is unsecured negotiable instruments.
(iii) It is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.
(iv) It is issued at discount to face value.
(v) It is repayable on a fixed date without grace days.

Capital market is divided into two i.e. primary market and secondary market.
(i) Primary Market
(a) Primary Market is a market for new issues or new financial claims. Hence, it is also called New Issue Market.
(b) The primary market deals with those securities which are issued to the public for the first time.
(c) In the primary market, borrowers exchange new financial securities for long term funds.
​​​​(d) There are three ways by which a company may raise capital in a primary market.There are:
  a) Public Issue
  b) Rights Issue
  c) Private Placement
(ii) Secondary Market :
(a) Secondary Market may be defined as the market for old securities.
(b) Securities which are previously Issued in the primary market are traded here.
(c) The trading takes place between investors who follow the original issue in the primary market.

A market wherein financial instruments such as financial claims, assets and securities are traded is known as a 'financial market'. In another words, financial markets may be channels through which flow loanable funds directed from a supplier who has an excess of assets toward a demander who experiences a deficit of funds.

(i) An attempt ismade by the management to integrate the goals of an organisation and individuals. This will lead to effective managerment.
(ii) MBO tries to combine the long run goals of organisation with short run goals.
(iii) Management tries to relate the organisation goals with society goals.
(iv) MBO's emphasis is not only on goals but also on effective performance.
(v) It increases the organisational capability of achieving  goals at all levels.
(vi) Aims at replacingthe exercise of authority with consultations.

Taylor propounded the principles of scientific management. They are:
(i) Science, Not Rule of Thumb
(ii) Harmony, Not Discord
(iii) Mental Revolution
(iv) Co-operation, Not individualism
(v) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity.

(i) Innovation 
(ii) Representation 
(iii) Decision-making 
(iv) Communication