Only an individual who is a member of the institute of company secretaries of India can be appointment as a company secretary.
(i) By the Promoters: The first secretary of a company is appointed by the promoters at the pre-incorporation stage and such name is mentioned in the Articles of Association.
(ii) By the First Board of Directors: After the company has been registered, the first board of directors appoints the secretary at the first board meeting. The board of directors can continue the existing secretary appointed by promoters or can appoint a new company secretary.

(i) Issue of shares at Par:
Normally shares are issued at their face value or par value i.e at a price mentioned on the face of share certificate concerned. There are no legal restrictions on issuing shares at par/face value.
(ii) Issue of securities at discount:
When the shares are issued at a price below the face value they are said to be issued at a discount. For example, a share having the face value of Rs 10 is issued at Rs 8. The companies act 2013, prohibits the issue of shares at discount (Section 53), except sweat Equity share.

(i) Statutory License: Entrepreneur has to obtain Municipal License from the authority. concerned. Then the Entrepreneur has to register the unit with the Central and Sales Tax Department.
(ii) Power Connection: Entrepreneur has to make application to Assistant Divisional Engineer of State Electricity Board for power connection after paying Security Deposit and fulfilling the official formalities prescribed.

(i) Technical Entrepreneur:
(a) Technical entrepreneurs are such of those craftsmen like a welder, fitter, moulder, draughtsman, turner, carpenter, goldsmith, tailor, photographer, repairer, weaver, sculptor, potter, wiremen or so on who start small ventures.
(b) This type of entrepreneur demonstrates their creative talents by . producing innovative products.
(ii) Non-technical Entrepreneur:
Non-technical Entrepreneurs are those who do not possess any technical competence to produce the goods or service but have special talents to market the products successfully or expertise to distribute the products produced by technical entrepreneur effectively to channel members and end consumers.
(iii) Professional Entrepreneur:
(a) A professional entrepreneur is one who is having rich expertise in starting a venture but lack interest in, continuing the venture as a manager or as an owner.
(b) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.

A consortium of Women Entrepreneur of India (CWEI) are rendering the following functions:
(i) They are acting as a springboard for enterprises started by the women.
(ii) It is helping women achieve high economic empowerment.
(iii) It is acting as a catalyst to improve the access of womenfolk to natural resources.
(iv) It is providing technological support in the sphere of product design and development in the case of women-owned enterprises.
(v) It is providing quality control, marketing and technological supports to women-owned enterprises.
(vi) It is spreading knowledge to women entrepreneurs about various government schemes.

(i) MICR code is a character - recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease processing and clearance of cheques and other documents.
(ii) It is found at the bottom of the cheque. It includes bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount and a control indicator.
(iii) The MICR code helps the banker to ensure the legitimacy or originality of paper documents.
(iv) The special ink used in the MICR code is sensitive to magnetic fields.
(v) It prevents the crime of printing counterfeit cheques or documents using technology.
(vi) The magnetic ink will help discover fake documents.

(i) The word Nifty originates from 2 words, 'National' and 'Fifty'.
(ii) Nifty basically means the index of the 50 most actively traded stocks from across all sectors.
(iii) Nifty represents the top stocks of the NSE and when we talk about Nifty going up, it means that all the heavyweight stocks of NSE across all sectors are moving up.
(iv) Nifty consists of top 50 companies from 24 different sectors.
(v) Nifty is computed from the performance of top stocks from different sectors.
(vi) Some mutual funds use Nifty as a benchmark. The performance of the mutual funds is assessed against the performance of the Nifty.

Gilt-Edged Market also known as Government Securities market is the market for Government and semi-Government securities.
An important feature of the securities traded in this market. That they are stable in value and are much sought after by banks.
(i) Guaranteed return on investments
(ii) No speculation in securities
(iii) Institutional based investors which are compelled by law to invest a portion of their funds in these securities.
(iv) Predominated by such institutions as LIC, GIC, PFs and the commercial banks.

(i) A condition is a stipulation which is essential to the main purpose of the contract. It is core to the contract.
(ii) The non-fulfillment of the condition cancels the very contract.
(iii) E.g. 'A' intends to buy a motorbike from 'B. 'A' insists that the bike should give him a mileage of 50 km per litter.
(iv) He prefers to have a red color bike. 'B' a mechanic gets a bike which gives him 55 kms per litter.
(v) But the color is green. In this case, 'A' cannot cancel the contract.
(vi) Since 'A'. is very particular about the mileage, it is a condition to the contract.
(vii) That part of the contract is fulfilled by 'B'. However, 'A' can ask the mechanic 'B' to bear the cost of repainting it with red color.

(i) Bills that are accompanied by documents of title to goods are called documentary bills.
(ii) Clean bills are drawn without accompanying any document.
(iii) Example: Railway Receipt and Lorry Receipt.

(a) Primary market:
(i) Primary market is a term used to include all the institutions that are involved in the sale of securities for the first time by the issuers.
(ii) Here the money from investors goes directly to the issuers.
(b) Second by market:
(i) Secondary market is the market for securities that are already issued.
(ii) Stock exchange is an important institution in the secondary market

(i) Yes, as selection is choosing from among the candidates the ones, who best meet a position's requirements and eliminating the ones who are not suitable.
(ii) To achieve this target, candidates are required to take a series of tests and interviews in different stages.
(iii) At each stage, many candidates are eliminated and only a few candidates move to the next stage.
(iv) The process of elimination continues till the right ones are finalised .
(v) The above scenario clearly establishes the fact that selection is the process, through which unsuitable candidates are rejected and suitable ones are chosen.
(vi) Therefore, it is regarded as negative process.

There are 3 taxes applicable under this system.
(i) CGST : Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening in TamilNadu)
(ii) SGST Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening within TamilNadu)
(iii) IGST : Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale (Eg : Punjab to Tamil Nadu)

The two terms 'management' and 'administration' are used inter changeably.
(i) While management is more executive in nature. But the concept of administration denotes the art of decision - making.
(ii) Management is all about plans, actions, but the administration is concerned with framing policies and setting objectives.
(iii) The manager looks after the management of the organisation, whereas administration is responsible for the administration of the organisation.

(i) A consumer as defined under Consumer Protection Act, 1986
(ii) A registered Voluntary Consumer Association
(iii) Central Government
(iv) State Government / Union Territory
(v) One or more consumer representing numerous consumers having the same interest

(i) Primary market:The primary producers of farm sell their output or products through this type of markets to wholesales or consumers.
(ii) Secondary market: In this market, the semi finished goods are marketed. Here finished goods are not sold. The commodities arrive from other markets.
(iii) Terminal market:It is a central site that serves as an assembly and trading place for commodities in a metropolitan area.

1) Committee assignment method:
(I) When employees are assigned to committee to address a particular issue, they are able to work closely with other members and committee leader.
(ii) They gain more knowledge by observing and participating in decision making process.
(2) Internship Training method:
(i) A superior gives training to a subordinates or understudy like an assistant to a manager or director.
(ii) Basic purpose of internship training is to prepare subordinate for assuming the full responsibilities and duties

The following basic structure of functioning is recommended:
(i) Monthly meetings and demonstrations for one hour after school hours on the First Thursday of each month. Each month a topic/activity may be scheduled as in the model calendar.
(ii) Days of National and International importance to consumers may be celebrated in the School/College. Poster/ Speech / Essay competitions can be organised at school level by the Consumer Club to sensitise the students on the importance of the day.
(iii) Field visits to local markets / Consumer Courts and door to door campaign in the local community etc., may be organized for at least 4 days in a year. It can be done on Saturdays with prior arrangement.
(iv) Minutes of each activity have to be recorded by the Student and Teacher Co-ordinator jointly as properly document.

(i) Rural marketing is a process of developing pricing, promoting and distributing rural specific goods and services leading to derived exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants.
(ii) Rural marketing is now a two-way marketing process. There is inflow of products into rural markets for production or consumption and there is also outflow of products to urban areas.
(iii) The urban to rural flow consists of agricultural inputs, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) such as soaps, detergents, cosmetics, textiles, and so on.
(iv) The rural to urban flow consists of agricultural produce such as rice, wheat, sugar, and cotton.
(v) There is also a movement of rural products within rural areas for consumption

(i) Mental arithmetic test : It tests the candidate's basic numerical ability like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and fraction. It test the speed of doing calculation.
(ii) Vocabulary test : The test measures candidate's ability to recognize the relationship among the ideas, think methodically and fluency in English language.
(iii) Number sequence test: This measures the candidate's ability to find a logic in a series or pattern. Under this test, candidates have to find out missing number in a sequence to determine the pattern.

The salient highlights of the Liberaisation, Privatisation and Globalisation Policy in India are,
(i) Introduction of new Foreign Trade Agreements
(ii) Foreign Investment (FDI & FII)
(iii) MRTP Act, 1969 (Amended)
(iv) Deregulation
(v) Opportunities for overseas trade
(vi) Steps to regulate inflation
(vii) Tax reforms
(viii) Abolition of License.