A Company secretary is a high-level officer. He enjoys certain rights and power as per the contract made with the company, which are as follows:
(i) Supervision and Control: As a head of the office, a company secretary has the rights to supervise, direct and control all office activities of subordinate offices.
(ii) Singing authority: Being a principal officer, a company secretary can sign. contracts, proceedings of the company meeting, files and documents on behalf of the company.
(iii) Exercising power: He has the right to exercise powers as granted by a board of directors.
(iv) Issuing testimonial: A company secretary can issue testimonials to employees on behalf of the company.
(v) Claiming salary and damages: As per the contract, he has the right to claim his salary and other allowances. He can also take legal action against the company if there is any breach of contract.
(vi) Preferential creditor: During winding up of a company, the company secretary can claim his legal dues on a preferential basis.
(vii) Attending a meeting: He has the right to be physically present in the meetings of the shareholders and board of directors.

General provisions relating to the appointment of directors
(i) Every director should be appointed by the company in general meeting as per the provision of the Act.
(ii) Director Identification Number is compulsory for the appointment of a director of a company.
(iii) Every person proposed to be appointed as a director shall furnish his Director Identification Number and a declaration that he is not disqualified to become a director under the Act.
(iv) A person appointed as a director should give his consent to hold the office of director in physical form on or before his appointment i.e., Consent to act as a director of a company.
(v) A company should file Form with the Registrar of Companies mentioning particulars of appointment of directors and Key Managerial Persons along with A the Consent form signed by Directors, as an attachment within 30 days of the appointment of a director with necessary fee.
(vi) Articles of the Company may provide the provisions relating to the retirement of all directors.

(i) Pure Entrepreneur:
(a) Pure entrepreneurs are individuals who are propelled to enter into the venture by psychological and economic motives.
(b) They apply their knowledge, skill, and insight in making the venture a great success in order to earn maximum profit out of the venture.
(ii) Induced Entrepreneur:
(a) An induced entrepreneur is one who is inspired to take up entrepreneurial activity thanks to entrepreneurship-friendly policies put in place by the Government.
(b) The government provides a great deal of support in the form of loans, subsidies, the nominal rate of interest, tax breaks, tax holidays, training, import of technology from abroad, concessions for the export-oriented item, allotment of sheds, and lands at subsidised price etc.
(iii) Motivated Entrepreneur:
(a) Motivated entrepreneurs are those motivated to take up venture by the desire for self-fulfilment.
(b) They are motivated to produce and market product or service by the sheer prospect of making a huge profit.
(iv) Spontaneous Entrepreneur:
(a) These entrepreneurs have natural inclination to start a venture.
(b) They are supposed to be bold, optimistic and enterprising persons. They have a passion for meeting the challenges.

The vital resource namely human resource is Significant because of the following reasons:
(i) It is only through human resource all other resources are effectively used.
(ii) The sustainable growth of an organisation depends on the important resource called human resource.
(iii) Industrial relations depend on human resource.
(iv) Human relations is possible only through human resource.
(v) Human resource manages all other factors of production.
(vi) The skill sets of the human resources can be improved through training and development programmes.
(vii) Human resource can be utilised at all levels of management.
(viii) Human resources are well protected by legislative frame works.

(i) Bearer Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is payable to bearer is called bearer instrument subject to fulfilment of either of the two conditions:
(1) It must be expressed to be payable
(2) The only or last endorsement should be a blank endorsement.
(ii) Order Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is payable to order is called Order instrument.
(iii) Inland Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is an inland instrument subject to the following conditions:
(a) It must be drawn in India
(b) It must be payable in India
(c) It must be drawn upon any person resident in India
(iv) Foreign Instrument: An instrument which is not the inland instrument is called a foreign instrument.
(1) Bill drawn outside India
(2) Bill payable outside India
(3) Bill drawn upon foreign citizens
(v) Ambiguous Instrument: An ambiguous instrument means an instrument which can be construed either as a promissory note or a bill of exchange.
(vi) Inchoate Instrument: It means an incomplete instrument in some respect.

Forms of Globalization
(i) Foreign trade policy: India has signed a number of agreements in order to expand Indian trade worldwide. Some of the agreement includes TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights), GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Service).
(ii) Export promotion: Globalisation promotes export by reducing quotes and tariffs, by eliminating trade restrictions and by simplifying trade procedures.
(iii) Freedom to repatriate: Repatriate means, to send or bring money back to one's own country. Since globalisation has integrated many countries, repatriation has become very easy.
(iv) Reduction in tariffs: Custom duties and tariffs imposed on imports and exports are reduced gradually to make Indian economy attractive to the global investors.
(v) Encouraging open competition: Globalisation brings an end to the difference between domestic and international markets. Domestic companies start their operations in the international level and therefore there is an open competition.

The process of MBO is explained below:
(i) Defining Organisational Objectives: Initially, organisational objectives are framed by the top level employees of an organisation. The definition of organisational objectives states why the business is started and exists.
(ii) Goals of Each Section : Objectives for each section, department or division are framed on the basis of overall objectives of the organisation. Goals or objectives are expressed in a meaningful manner.
(iii) Fixing Key Result Areas: Key result areas are fixed on the basis of organisational objectives premises. Key Result Areas (KRA) are arranged on a priority basis. KRA indicates the strength of an organisation.
(iv) Setting Subordinate Objectives or Targets : The objectives of each subordinate or individual are fixed. It is preferable to fix the objectives at lower level in quantitative units. There should be a free and frank discussion between the superior and his subordinates.
(v) Matching Resources with Objective : The objectives are framed on the basis of availability of resources. If certain resources (technical personnel or scarce raw material) are not adequately available, the objectives of an organisation are changes accordingly.
(vi) Periodical Review Meetings: The superior and, subordinates should hold meetings periodically in which they discuss the progress in the accomplishment of objectives.
(vii) Appraisal of Activities: At the end of the fixed period for achieving the objectives, there should be a discussion between the superior and subordinates.

The first step in filing a consumer complaint is to send a legal notice to the seller or company. A legal notice must be drafted with the help of a consumer court lawyer and include the following:
(i) Details of the consumer like name,address, product or services purchasedetails of the company, etc.
(ii) Necessary details of the problem faced and describe the deficiency in service.
(iii) Action taken by the company in response to the customer complaint
(iv) Action expected from the company
(v) Time period given to the company to take action
(vi) The legal action that will be taken upon failure by the company in sending a reply to the legal notice.

(i) Lecture Method : Under this method trainees are educated about concepts, theories, principles and application of knowledge in any particular area. Trainer are generally drawn from Colleges, Universities, Consultancies, Institutions, Manufacturing concerns, Union, etc.
(ii) Group discussion method : Group of people participate and discuss particular subject or one topic. Under this method participants are divided into various groups. They were provided a particular issue for deliberation.
(iii) Case Study Method : Trainees are described a situations which stimulate their interest to find solution. They have to use their theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge to find solution to the problem presented
(iv) Role Play Method: Under this method trainees are explained the situation and assigned roles. They have to act out the roles assigned without any rehearsal. There is no pre-prepared dialogues.
(v) Field Trip Method : A held trip or field work or training in the field is a journey undertake by a group of employees trainees to a place away from their actual work site. This method helps the trainees to strengthen their theoretical knowledge obtained in a class room environment by practical exposure.

Advantage of E-Marketing :
(i) Any Time market: E - Marketing provides 24 hours and 7 days "24/7" service to its users. So consumer can shop or order the product anytime from anywhere.
(ii) Direct contact of end consumer by the manufacturers cuts down the substantially intermediation cost. Thus products bought through e-marketing become cheaper.
(iii) Customer can buy whatever they want/ need just by browsing the various sites.
Disadvantages of E-Marketing :
(i) E-Marketing a strong Online advertising campaign need for which company have to spend large amount for website design, software, hardware, maintenance of business site, Online distribution costs.
(ii) It is not suitable for small size business and also deters customers from buying who lives on long distances.
(iii) While the number of customers is continuously growing, companies hardly update the information on website.
(iv) Many buyers are suspicious about the security of the Internet. As a result, many visitors of business web sites do not like to use their credit card to make a purchase. So, there is a fear of their cards being misused by fraudulent practitioners.

Personality test comprises of following tests:
(i) Interest test:  Interest test measures a candidate's extent of interest in a particular area chosen by him/her so that organization can assign the job suited to his/her in term.
(ii) Personality Inventory test: Under this method standardise questionnaire is administered to the candidate to find out traits like interpersonal rapport, dominance, intravertness, extravertness, self confidence, lower sign quality etc.
(iii) Projective Test/Thematic appreciation test : This test measures the candidate's values, attitude apprehensive personality etc. out of the interpretation or narration given by the candidate to the pictures, figures etc. shown to him in the test situation.
(iv) Attitude test : This test measures candidate's tendencies towards the people, situation, action and related things. For example, moral study and values study.