When the person signs on the back of (or face of) the instrument with a view to transferring his interest therein, he is said to be endorsing it. Though endorsement can be made on the face of the instrument  also, it is usually make on his back. If the space on the back is insufficient, a piece of paper can be attached to the instrument for this purpose. This piece of paper is called Allonge.

Negotiability refers to the transferability of all the rights and titles on an instrument by delivery or by endorsement and delivery, vesting with the bonafide transferee for value even better title that what the transferor had.

1. Transferability
2. Title of the holder free from all defects
3. Right of the transferee to sue

(i) IFSC code is an alphanumeric code which facilitates electronic fund transfer in India.
(ii) This code uniquely identifies each bank branch participating in the two main Payment and Settlement systems in India.
(iii) The Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and the National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) systems.
(iv) IFSC is an 11 character code.
(v) The first 4 alphabetic characters represent the bank name and the last 6 characters (usually numeric) represent the branch.
(vi) The fifth character is 0 and reserved for future use. This code routes the messages to the destination banks or branch.

(i) MICR code is a character - recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease processing and clearance of cheques and other documents.
(ii) It is found at the bottom of the cheque. It includes bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount and a control indicator.
(iii) The MICR code helps the banker to ensure the legitimacy or originality of paper documents.
(iv) The special ink used in the MICR code is sensitive to magnetic fields.
(v) It prevents the crime of printing counterfeit cheques or documents using technology.
(vi) The magnetic ink will help discover fake documents.

(i) Documentary Bill: Certain documents are accepted as a negotiable instrument by custom or usage. The courts have accepted them as negotiable instruments by usage.
(ii) Clean Bill: It means the bill to which no document of title to the goods is attached.

(i) Here the paying banker should make payment only to the particular banker named as a part of special crossing or to his agent for collection.
(ii) Thus special crossing is safer than general crossing.

(i) Negotiability: Negotiability refers to the transferability of all the rights and titles on an instrument by delivery or by endorsement and delivery, vesting with the bonafide transferee for value even better title than what the transferor had. This is the unique characteristics of a negotiable instrument.
(ii) Assignability: Assignability refers to the transferability of personal properties and rights from one person to another as a gift or sale or as security. In short, transferability of ownership of any goods other than negotiable instruments is called Assignability.

(i) The word 'Negotiable' means transferable from one person to another in return for consideration
(ii) The word 'Instrument' means a written document by which a right is created in favour of certain person.
(iii) A negotiable instrument is a document which entitles a person to a certain . sum of money and which is transferable from one person to another by mere delivery or by endorsement and delivery.
(iv) The law relating to negotiable instruments is dealt in the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881.
(v) This Act speaks about promissory note, bills of exchange and cheques.