Yes, planning involves setting of objectives and determining the most economical and viable alternative to achieve the goals.

Managerial functions are:
(i) Time specific
(ii) Institutional specific; and
(iii) Country specific.

(i) Controlling is performed to evaluate the performance of employees and deciding increments and promotion decisions.
(ii) The control function helps in identifying under performers and arranging remedial training for them.

The goals are achieved with the help of motivation. Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of the workers.

(i) Yes, as selection is choosing from among the candidates the ones, who best meet a position's requirements and eliminating the ones who are not suitable.
(ii) To achieve this target, candidates are required to take a series of tests and interviews in different stages.
(iii) At each stage, many candidates are eliminated and only a few candidates move to the next stage.
(iv) The process of elimination continues till the right ones are finalised .
(v) The above scenario clearly establishes the fact that selection is the process, through which unsuitable candidates are rejected and suitable ones are chosen.
(vi) Therefore, it is regarded as negative process.

(i) A manager has to act as representative of a company.
(ii) Manager has dealings with customers suppliers, government officials, banks, financial institutions, trade unions, etc.
(iii) It is the duty of every manager to have good relations with others.

(i) The goals are achieved with the help of motivation.
(ii) Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of workers.
(iii) The workers expect, favourable climate conditions to work, fair treatment, monetary or non-monetary incentive, effective communication and gentleman approach.

(i) Staffing function comprises the activities of selection and placement of competent personnel.
(ii)In other words, Staffing refers to placement of right persons in the right jobs.
(iii) Staffing includes selection of right persons, training to those needy persons, promotion of best persons, retirement of old persons, performance appraisal of all the personnel, and adequate remuneration of personnel.
(iv) The success of any enterprise depends upon the successful performance of staffing function.

the main functions of management are:
(i) Planning
(ii) Organising
(iii) Staffing
(iv) Directing
(v) Motivating
(vi) Controlling
(vii) Co-ordination

(i) Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world.
(i) Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, new design of a product and cost reduce.

Functions of management can be classified into two categories.
A. Main functions; and
B. Subsidiary functions.
A. Main functions:
(i) Planning:
(a) Planning is the primary function of management.
(b) Nothing can be performed without planning.
(c) E.g. Writing a book starts with planning.
(ii) Organising:
(a) Organising is the process of establishing harmonious relationship among the members of an organisation.
(b) Organsing function work is assigned to employees who are given authority to carry out the work assigned and made accountable for it.
(iii) Staffing:
(a) Staffing function comprises the activities of selection and placement of competent personnel.
(b) Staffing refers to placement of right persons in the right jobs.
(iv) Directing:
(a) Directing denotes motivating, leading, guiding and communicating with subordinates.
(b) Employees are kept informed of all necessary matters by circulars, instructions man uals, newsletters, notice-boards, meeting, participative mechanism, etc.
B. Subsidiary functions:
(i) Innovation:
(a) Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world.
(b) Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, new design of a product and cost reduction.
(ii) Representation:
(a) A manager has to act as representative of a company.
(b) Manager has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks, financial institutions, trade unions, etc.
(c) It is the duty of every manager to have good relation with others.
(iii) Decision-making:
(a) Everyemployee of an organisation has to take a number of decisions everyday.
(b) Decision - making helps in the smooth functioning of an organisation.
(iv) Communication:
(a) Communication is the transmission of human thoughts, views or opinions from one person to another person.
(v) Workers are informed about what should be done, where it is to be done, how it is to be done and when it is to be done.

(d) Rule of Thumb
Reason: Rule of Thumb means decisions taken by manager as per their personal judgments. Other three are the subsidiary functions of management.

(c) Authority
Reason: Authority means the right of a superior to give the order to his subordinates. Other three are main functions of management.

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(c) (i) and (ii) are correct

(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct