1. There are many open sources of twares. so, we can select and use any software that suits our needs.
2. The complete options of the software can be used without any cost and restrictions
3. We can share our ideas with the team, write the required code and share it with many.
As we can identify the programming techniques of group members, we can learn many ideas and make our program writing skills more efficient

A company can be called E-Business if and only if
(i) It has the ability to conduct business electronically over the Internet.
(ii) It manages payment transaction through the Internet.
(iii) It has a platform for selling products & services via the Internet.

(i) Web 1.0 (Web of Content) is the early web that contained text, images, and hyperlinks and allowed users only to search for information and read it. There was a very little in the way of user interaction or content generation.
(ii) Web 2.0 (Web of Communication) is a read-write web that allowed users to interact with each other.
(iii) Web 3.0 (Web of Context) is termed as the semantic web or executable web with dynamic applications, interactive services, and "machine-to-machine" interaction.

OSS projects are collaboration opportunities that improve skills and build connections in the field.
Domains that developers can contribute to the open source community include:
(i) Communication tools.
(ii) Distributed revision control systems.
(iii) Bug trackers and task lists.
(iv) Testing and debugging tools.

(i) Straight-through: The coloured wires are in the same sequence at both ends of the cable.
(ii) Cross-over: The first coloured wire at one end of the cable is the third coloured wire at the other end of the cable.
(iii) Roll-over: The coloured wires are in the opposite sequence at either end of the cable,

Computers can be connected on the network with the help of wired media such as unshielded twisted pair 
(i) Shielded Twisted pair
(ii) Co-axial cables and Optical fibre
(iii) Wireless media (Infra Red, Bluetooth, WiFi)

(i) The var_dump( ) function is used to dump information about a variable.
(ii) This function displays structured information such as type and value of the given variable.
(iii) Arrays and objects are explored recursively with values indented to show structure.
Example:
\($\)x = "COMPUTER APPUCATION!";
\($\)x = null;
var dump(\($\)x);
?>
OUTPUT: NULL

(i) Open Source
(ii) Case Sensitive
(iii) Simplicity Program language
(iv) Efficiency Program language
(v) Platform Independent Program language
(vi) Security Program language
(vii) Flexibility Program language
(viii) Real-Time Access Monitoring Program language

Few major functions performed using SQL are listed below:
(i) Executes queries against a database.
(ii) Retrieves data from database.
(iii) Inserts and updates records in a database
(iv) Delete records from database
(v) Creates new databases and new tables in a database

(i) Database Administrators (DBA's) who takes care of configuration, installation, performance, security and data backup.
(ii) DBA's possess the skills on database design, database queries, RDMS, SQL and networking.
(iii) The primary task is the creation of new user and providing them with access rights.

1. Select the Line tool from the toolbox. The cursor changes to a crosshair
2. Click and drag on the screen to draw your line. As you drag, a line appears.
3. Release the mouse button and the line will be drawn and selected, with sizing handles on either end. Resize the line by clicking and dragging the handles, if necessary.

To select text using a mouse, follow these steps :
1. Place the Insertion point to the left of the first character to be selected.
2. Press the left mouse button and drag the mouse to a position where you want to stop selecting.
3. Release the mouse button.
4. The selected text gets highlighted.

To Select	Press
A Word	Double-click with I-beam
A Paragraph	Triple-click with I-beam

(i) The EDI standard is mainly divided into the following aspects:
(ii) Basic Standards
(iii) Code Standards
(iv) Message Standards
(v) Document Standards
(vi) Management Standards
(vii) Application Standards
(viii) Communication Standards And
(ix) Security Standards.

(i) The top level of EDIFACT structure is Interchange.
(ii)  An interchange may contain multiple messages.
(iii) It starts with UNB and ends with UNZ.

1. Credit card based payment systems (pay later)
2. Debit card based payment systems (pay now)
3. Stored value card based payment systems (pay before)

1. An Electronic payment system is a financial arrangement that consists an intermediator to facilitate transfer of money-substitute between a payer and a receiver.
2. It is known as liquidation, clearing system or clearing service.

Multimedia conferencing or video conferencing is a system that performs face-to-face interaction samong participating users, located far from each other, as if they weresitting and discussing in a single room.

(i) Medical Students practices surgery methods via simulation prior to actual surgery.
(ii) Tiny digital cameras are inserted in human body and it displays the inner scene of the body. Like wise, the medical practioners were able to see the inner part without dissecting it.

Cyber Squatting is the illegal practice of registering an Internet domain name that might be wanted by another person in an intention to sell it later for a profit. It involves the registering of popular trademarks and trade names as domain names before the particular company do. Cyber squatters also involve in trading on the reputation and goodwill of such third parties by inducing a customer to believe that it is an official web page.

E-Commerce security is a set of protocols that safely guide E-Commerce transactions through the Internet.

(i)  Flat name space is where the name is assigned to the IP address.
(ii)  They do not have any specific structure .
(iii) In this flat namespace, some meaningful names are been given to IP address for accessing.
Disadvantage:
(i)  Flat name Space cannot be used in large system. Because they need to be accessed and controlled centrally to avoid ambiguity and redundancy.
(ii)  But it is difficult in flat name system. To avoid this major disadvantage hierarchical name space is used in large.

(i) URL is made up four parts-protocols, hostname, folder name and file name. .
(ii) Each part has its own specific functions. Depending on the applications, additional information can be added to the URL but the common and fundamental URL consists of these four parts.
a. Protocol
b. Domain name/Hostname
c. Folders
d. The file name with extension

PHP write a File:
The fwrite( ) function is used to write to a file.
Syntax:
fwrite(＄myfile, ＄txt);
Example:
< ?php
＄myfile = fopen("new_schooLfile.
txt", "w'')
or die("Unable to open file!'');
＄txt = "School Name\n";
fwrite(＄myfile, ＄txt);
＄txt = "Student Name\n";
fwrite(＄myfile, ＄txt);
fclose(＄myfile);
? >

PHP Close a File:
The fclose ( ) function is used to close an opened file.
The file object comes from fopen function.
Syntax:
fclose($file_Object);
Example:
< ?php
＄myfile = fopen("student.txt", "r'');
/ / some code to be executed ....
fclose( ＄myfiIe);
? >

(i) GPRS was introduced here, it is seen as an excess period of mobile networking development, between 2G and 3G.
(ii) GPRS is a data service which enables mobile devices to send and receive messages, picture messages, and e-mails.
(iii) It allows most popular operating speeds of up to 115kbit/s, latterly maximum of 384kbit/s by using EDGE

(i) Customer communications
(ii) Online education/ training
(iii) Account status enquiry
(iv) Inventory enquiry
(v) Online discussion
(vi) Supply - chain management
(vii) Order status enquiry
(viii) Warranty registration
(ix) Claims
(x) Distributor promotions

< ?php
for (＄x = 0; ＄x < = 5; ＄x++)
{
 echo "Hello World < br >";
}
? >

(i) Using computer network, application or other software will be stored at central computer or server and share one software from one to another is called Data Sharing.
(ii) For example: All files cannot be taken backup or duplicate on more than one computer. So if one is not unavailable due to hardware failure or any other reason, the copies can be used.

< ?php
＄x = "August";
if (＄x == "January'') {
echo "Happy Republic Day";
}
elseif (＄x == "August'') {
echo "Happy Independence Day!!!";
}
else{
echo "Nothing to show";
}
? >

< ?php·
＄d=date("D'');
if(＄d=="Fri'')
{
echo"Have a nice weekend!";
}
Else
{
echo"Have a nice day!";
}
? >

1. Reducing duplication of code
2. Decomposing complex problems into simpler pieces
3. Improving clarity of the code
4. Reuse of code
5. Information hiding

1. PHP Parameterized functions are the functions with parameters or arguments.
2. The parameter is also called as arguments, it is like variables.
Rules:
1. The arguments are mentioned after the function name and inside of the parenthesis.
2. There is no limit for sending arguments, just separate them with a comma notation.

The main goal of MySQL and PHP connectivity is to retrieve and manipulate the data from MySQL database server.

(i) MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System.
(ii) MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based software applications.

The basic standardization concept of EDIFACT is that there are uniform message types called United Nations Standard Message. The message types have exactly one nickname consisting of six uppercase English alphabets. The message begins with UNH and with UNT.

Electronic data interchange architecture specifies four different layers namely
(i) Semantic layer
(ii) Standards translation layer
(iii) Transport layer
(iv) Physical layer

Symmetric Key Encryption	ASymmetric Key Encryption
Same key is used for both encryption and decryption	Different keys is used for encryption and decryption
Speed of encryption or decryption is very fast	Speed of encryption or decryption is comparatively slow
Plain text and cipher text are of same size	The size of cipher text is always greater than plain text.
Algorithms like DES, AES, RC4 uses symmetric key encryption	Algorithms like RSA, ECC, DSA use asymmetric key encryption
The number of key used grows exponentially with the numbers of users	The number of key used grows linearly with the numbers of users
Provides confidentiality.	Provides confidentiality, authenticity and non- repudiation.

(i) Information leakage
(ii) Tampering
(iii) Payment frauds
(iv) Malicious code threats
(v) Distributed denial of service attacks
(vi) Cyber squatting
(vii) Typopiracy
(viii) Hacking

Stored value card is a type of debit card that is pre-loaded with certain amount(value), with which a payment is made. It is a card that has default monetary value onto it. The card may be disposed when the value is used, or recharged to use it again. The major advantage of stored value card is that customers don't need to have a bank account to get prepaid cards. There are two varieties for stored value card.
(i) Closed loop (single purpose) Eg: Chennai metro rail travel card.
(ii) Open loop (multipurpose) Eg.: Visa gift cards.

All Payment cards (including debit card) are usually plastic cards of size 85.60 mm width x 53.98 mm height, rounded corners with a radius of 2.88 mm to 3.48 mm and thickness of 0.76 mm. These standards dimensions are maintained universally in accordance with ISO/IEC 7810#ID-1.
(i) Publisher
(ii) Credit card number
(iii) Name of the card holder
(iv) EMV chip
(v) RFID symbol
(vi) Expiration month and year
(vii) Card brand logo
(viii) Magnetic stripe
(ix) Hologram
(x) Signature
(xi) CVC/CVV

(i) Physical product disputes are a major disadvantage in E-Commerce, E-Commerce purchases are often made on trust.
(ii) This is because, we do not have physical access to the product.
(iii) Though Internet is an effective channel for visual and auditory information it does not allow full scope for our senses.
(iv) We can see pictures of the perfumes, but cannot smell their fragrance; we can see pictures of a cloth, but not its quality.
(v) If we want to inspect something, we choose what we look at and how we look at it.
(vi) But in online shopping, we would see only the pictures the seller had chosen for us.
(vii) People are often much more comfortable in buying the generic goods (that they have seen or experienced before and in which there is little ambiguity) rather than unique or complex things via the Internet.

(i) The growth of E-Commerce is also related to the socio-technological changes.
(ii) The more, the medium becomes deep rooted, the more, are the users drawn towards it. Increase of users, increases the markets.
(iii) As the markets expand, more business organizations are attracted. The more business accumulation creates competition.
(iv) The competition leads to innovation; Innovation in turn drives the development of technology; technology facilitates E-Commerce's growth.

NS2, OPEN NMS, Ubuntu, MySQL, PDF Creator, Open Office, 7zip GNUCASH, GIMP, BLENDER, AUDACITY, VLC, MOZILA FIREFOX, MAGENTO, ANDROID, PHP.

(i) Software can be used without any cost and restrictions
(ii) Sharing of ideas with the team.
(ii) User friendly.
(iv) We can add the most required features in the software.
(v) We can learn many ideas.
(vi) We can make our program writing skills more efficient

(i) The RJ45 connector looks similar like a telephone jack but it looks a slightly wider. 
(ii) In RJ45 the "RJ" stands for the Registered Jack and the "45" simply refers to the interface standard.
(iii)The RJ45 connector is a small plastic cube. It has eight pins.
(iv) It is connected to each end of the Ethernet cable. It is also known as 8P8C connector.
(v) These plugs (connector) are inserted into Ethernet port of the network card.

(i) If you require a cable to connect two computers or Ethernet devices directly together without a hub, then you will need to use a Crossover cable instead.
(ii) Here, the pairs of Tx and Rx lines are crossed.
(iii) It means pin 1 & 2 of the plug on one end are connected with pin 3 & 6 of the plug on other end, and vice versa (3 & 6 to pin 1 & 2).
(iv) The easiest way to make a crossover cable is to make one end to T568A colour coding and the other end to T568B.

SI.No.	URL	Web address
1.	A URL is the address of a particular website, audio stream or document available on the web.	A web address more commonly defines a unique name that helps people remember a URL.
2.	URLs Consists of the internet protocol needed to access the item you wish to locate on the host computer	It is usually in simpler form, such as, www. google.com or www.Amazon.com. Generally your browser will recognize the proper URL when you type in a web address

URL	Domain Name
(i) It is sequence of labels. Sequence of labels are separated by dot(.)	(i) URL is the address of a document on the Internet
(ii) Domain name is always read from the lower level to higher level (ie) From leaf node to root node.	(ii) URL is made up of four parts - protocols, hostname, folder name and file name.
(iii) Since the root node always represented  NULL string, all the domain name ending with dot.	(iii) Each part has its own specific functions.Depending on the applications, additional information can be added to the URL.

(i) UDP- User Datagram Protocol
(ii) DNS - Domain Name System
(iii) OSI – Open System Interconnection
(iv) RFID- Radio Frequency Identification

(i) HTTP: A protocol used between a web client and a web server protects non-secure data transmissions. The core protocol of the World Wide Web.
(ii) HTTPS: A protocol used between a web client and a web server permits secure data transmissions.
(iii) FTP: Used between computers for sending and receiving data. Enables a client to send and receive complete files from a server.

Artificial intelligence helps to predict traffic as it collects and analyzes data in real time.

(i) ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet. ARPANET at 1969-1970 was which underpinned the development of it and his theoretical work on hierarchical routing in late 1970s with his student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.
(ii) ARPANET took advantage of the new idea of sending information in small units called packets that could be routed on different paths and reconstructed at their destination.

Database Connections: Accessing MySQL Database, connect to Database Server machine via PHP scripting language using Mysqli_connect() Function.
Syntax:
mysqli_connect("Server Name","User Name","Password","DB Name");
This function requires four parameters to connect to database server. Database Server name, Database username, password and Database Name.

Syntax:
mysqli_query("Connection Object","SQL Query")
 

Post Method	Get Method
The input data sent to the server with POST method is stored in the request body of the client's HTTP request.	The input data sent to the server with POST method via URL address is known as query string. All input data are visible by user after they click the submit button.

The GET and POST methods are used for sending the data to the server and the main difference between them is that GET methods append the data to the URI defined in form's action attribute POST methods attaches data to the requested body.

1. Do whileloop always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution.
2. Then it is checking the condition whether true or false.
3. It executes the loop, if the specified condition is true.
Syntax:
do
{code to executed;
}while (condition is true);

1. In Programming, the looping structure is often necessary to repeat the same block of code for a given number of times, until a certain condition is met.
2. Loop properties easy way to iterate over arrays.
3. Loop structure needed when we want to run block of code again and again.

(i) The switch-case statement is an alternative to if... elseif... else statement which does almost the same thing.
(ii) The switch-case statement tests a variable against a series of values until it finds a match, and then executes the block of code corresponding to that match.
(iii) The switch statement executes line by line, unlike if... elseif...else.
(iv) It also executes all the subsequent case statement till the end of the switch block automatically.
(v) To prevent this add a break statement to the end of each case block.

(i) Conditional statements are useful for writing decision making logics. It is the most important feature of many programming languages, including PHP.
(ii) When we write the code for conditional statements very often, we can perform different actions for different decisions in different business logic.

User defined Functions	System define Functions
(i) Functions are provided by the user. (ie) we can create own functions.	(i) Built-in function are functions that exist in PHP installation package.
(ii) Example function insertMsg() { echo "Helo world" } insertMsg();	(ii) Example rename_function()

1. PHP has more than 700 built-in functions that perform different tasks.
2. It exists in PHP installation package.
3. It is reusable piece
4. It can either return values when called or can simply perform an operation without returning any value.

(i) A web server's main purpose is to store web files and broadcast them over the internet for you site visitor's to see.
(ii) In-essence, a web server is simply a powerful computer that stores and transmits data via the internet.
(iii) When someone visits a web page on your site their browser communicates with your web server, sending and receiving information that ultimately dictates what appears on the visitor's computer screen. Thus, the main purpose of a web server is to store and transfer web site data upon the request of a visitor's browser.

(i) Server side scripting languages is used in web development.
(ii) It is alternative for web server and itself to deliver a static web page.
(iii) It is used to provide customized interface for the user.
(iv) It also enables the website owner to hide the source code.

(i) USE Database: This command is used to select the database in MySQL for working.
Syntax:
mysql>use test:
Database changed
mysql>
(ii) SHOW Database: Lists all the databases available in the database server.
Syntax:
mysql>show databases;
(iii) SHOW Tables: Lists all the tables available in the current database we are working in.
Syntax: mysql>show tables;

Evolution of DBMS:
(i) The concept of storing the data started before 40 years in various formats.
(ii) In earlier days they have used punched card technology to store the data. Then files were used.
(ii) The file systems were known as predecessor of database system.
(iv) Various access methods in file system were indexed, random and sequential access.
The file system had more limitations like.
Data Duplication : Same data is used by multiple resources for processing, thus created multiple copies of same data wasting the spaces.
High Maintenance : Access control and verifying data consistency needs high maintenance cost.
Security : Less security provided to the data.
(v) So database systems became popular to overcome the above limitations of file system.

To rejoin the two split blocks:
(i) Place the cursor on the bottom handle of the second text block, click and drag the bottom handle up to the top.
(ii) Then, place the cursor on the bottom handle of the first text block, and click and drag the bottom handle down if necessary.

i). Line Tool - Used to draw straight lines in any direction. 
ii). Ellipse Tool - Used to draw circles and ellipses.
iii). Polygon Tool - Used to draw polygon shape.

Various file formats used in multimedia are
(i) Text formats
(ii) Image formats
(iii) Digital Audio file formats and
(iv) Digital Video file formats.
(i) Text formats : Rich Text Formats and Plain Text Format are used in Text formats.
(ii) Image formats : TIFF, BMP, DIB, GIF, JPEG, TGA, PNG are image formats.
(iii) Digital Audio file formats : WAV, MP3, OGG, AIFF, WMA and RA are Digital Audio file formats.
(iv) Digital Video file formats : AVI, MPEG are digital video file formats.

They are explained below :
i) Text :
1. Text is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person.
2. Text component is classified into two such as (a) Static text (b) Hypertext.
ii) Images:
Images in multimedia are generated in two ways.
a) Raster or Bitmap Images
b) Vector Images.
iii) Animation :
Animation is the process of displaying still images with continuous movement. 
The two basic types of animations are (1) Path animation (2) Frame animation.
iv) Sound :
Sound is a meaningful speech in any language and providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.
v) Video :
1. Video is defined as the display of recorded event, scene, etc.
2. The video can be categorized in two types as (1) Analog video and (2) Digital video.

(i) Simply wasting the precious time on Internet by surfing, searching unwanted things.
(ii) unnecessary information is also there, why because anyone can post anything on their webpage, blogs.
(iii) Hackers and viruses can easily theft our more valuable information available in the Internet. There a lot of security issues are there in E-banking