The SSL standard was developed by Netscape in collaboration with Mastercard, Bank of America' MCL and Silicon Graphics

3D-Secure was developed by Visa

It was introduced by Federal Information Processing Standard (FPS).

A digital signature is a mechanism that is used to verify that a particular digital document, message or transaction is authentic.

Typopiracy is a variant of Cyber Squatting. Some fake websites try to take advantage of users common typographical errors in typing a website address and direct users to a different website. Such people try to take advantage of some popular websites to generate accidental traffic for their websites. e.g. www.goggle.com, www.facebook.com

A digital signature is a mechanism that is used to verify that a particular digital document, message or transaction is authentic.

E-Commerce security is a set of protocols that safely guide E-Commerce transactions through the Internet.

"3-D Secure is a secure payment protocol on the Internet. It was developed by Visa to increase the level of transaction security, and it has been adapted by Master Card. It gives a better authentication of the holder of the payment card, during purchases made on websites. The basic concept of this (XML-based) protocol is to link the financial authorization process with an online authentication system. This authentication model comprise 3 domains (hence the name 3D) which are:
1. The Acquirer Domain
2. The Issuer Domain
3. The interoperability Domain

(i) Information leakage
(ii) Tampering
(iii) Payment frauds
(iv) Malicious code threats
(v) Distributed denial of service attacks
(vi) Cyber squatting
(vii) Typopiracy
(viii) Hacking

(i) The certificate authority maintains a database of public keys called repository so that it can verify the user with digital signatures.
(ii) Expired certificates are usually deleted from the database by the certificate authority.

(i)It is a process of taking down an E-Commerce site by sending continuous overwhelming request to its server .
(ii) This attack will be conducted from numerous unidentified computers using botnet. This attack will slow down and make the server inoperative.
(iii) DDoS attacks is also called as network flooding.

Payment frauds have subsets like Friendly fraud (when customer demands false reclaim or refund), Clean fraud (when a stolen credit card is used to make a purchase) Triangulation fraud (fake online shops offering cheapest price and collect credit card data) etc.

1. The most common cryptographic protocol is Secure Sockets Layers (SSL). SSL is a hybrid encryption protocol for securing transactions over the internet. The SSL standard was developed by Netscape in collaboration with Mastercard, Bank of America, MCI and silicon graphics.
2. Today, all browsers in the market support SSL, and most of the secure communication are proceeded through this protocol. SSL works completely hidden for the users, who does not have to intervene in the protocol.
3. The only thing the user has to do is make sure on URL starts with https://instead of http:// where "s" obviously means secured.
4. SSL was renamed as TLS (Transport Layer Security) in 2001.

Encryption technology is an effective information security protection. It is defined as converting a plaintext into meaningless ciphertext using encryption algorithm thus ensuring the confidentiality of the data. The encryption or decryption process use a key to encrypt or decrypt the data. At present two encryption technologies are widely used. They are symmetric key encryption system and an asymmetric key encryption system. Thre figure below shows the Data Encryption and Decryption process: