(a) Check if PIP is Installed:
To check if PIP is already installed in our system, navigate our command line to the location of Python's script directory.
Command:
Python m pip install - U pip.
(b) To check PIP version:
To check the version of PIP in our system, type the command as:
C: \Users\Your Name\App Data\Local\Programs\Python\Python 36-32\Scripts> Pip--version.
(c) List packages:
To view the list of installed packages on our system, use the list command:
C:\Users\Your Name\App Data\Local\Programs\Python\Python 36-32\scripts> Pip list

(i) MinGW refers to a set of runtime header files, used in compiling and linking the code of C, C++ and FORTRAN to be run on Windows Operating System.
(ii) MinGw- W64 (version of MinGW) is the best compiler for C++ on Windows. To compile and execute the C++ program, need 'g++' for Windows. MinGW allows to compile and execute C++ program dynamically through Python program using g++.
(iii) Python program that contains the c++ coding can be executed only through 'MinGW_w64 project' run terminal. The run terminal open the command -line window through which Python program should be executed.
(iv) g++ is a program that calls GCC (GNU C compiler) and automatically links the required C++ Library files to the object code.

(i) Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function returns a file object also called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file accordingly.
For Example:
>>>f = open ("sample.txt") #open file in current directory # f is file object
>>> f =  open ('c:\\Pyprg\ch13 sample5.csv') # specifying full path
(ii) The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.
(iii) On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files.

Data Definition Language:
(i) Create Command: To create tables in the database.
CREATE TABLE Student
(Admno integer,
      Name char(20),
      Gender char(1),
      Age integer,
      Place char(10),
);
(ii) Alter Command: The ALTER command is used to alter the table structure like adding a column, renaming the existing column, change the data type of any column or size of the column or delete the column from the table.
ALTER TABLE <table-name> ADD <column-name><data type><size>;
To add a new column "Address" of type 'char' to the Student table, the command is used as
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address char;
(iii) Drop Command: The DROP TABLE command is used to remove a table from the database.
The table can be deleted by DROP TABLE command in the following way:
DROP TABLE table-name;

Database Administrator or DBA is the one who manages the complete database management system. DBA takes care of the security of the DBMS, managing the license keys, managing user accounts and access etc.

Code:
class Sample:
def_init_(self, n1, n2):
            self._n1=nt
            self_n2-n2
def sum(self):
           print ("Class Variable 1:" self_n1)
           print ("Class Variable 2:", self_n2)
S=Sample (5,10)
S.sum()
Output:
Class Variable 1:5
Class Variable 2: 10
Sum: 15

(i) The format( ) function used with strings is very versatile and powerful function used for formatting strings.
(ii) The curly braces {} are used as placeholders or replacement fields which get replaced along with format( ) function.
Example:
num1 = int (input("Number 1:")) 
num2 = int (input("Number 2:")) 
print ("The, sum of {} and {} is {}". format (num1, num2, (num1 + num2)))
Output:
Number 1: 34
Number 2: 54
The sum of 34 and 54 is 88.

Rules of global Keyword: The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:
(i) When we define a variable outside a function, it's global by default. you don't have to use global keyword.
(ii) We use global keyword to modify the value of the global variable inside a function.
(iii) Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect.

Syntax :
      while <condition>;
                statements block 1
       [else:
                statements block2]

(i) Time Factor -Time is measured by counting the number of key operations like comparisons in the sorting algorithm.
(ii) Space Factor -Space is measured by the maximum memory space required by the algorithm.

(i) In Python strings, the backslash "\" is a special character, also called the"escape" character.
(ii) It is used in representing certain whitespace characters: "\t" is a tab, "\n\" is a newline, and "\r" is a carriage return.
(iii) For example to print the message "It's raining", the Python command is
>>> print ("It \ 's raining")
It's raining
Python supports the following escape sequence characters.

(i) All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) within another function is called nested function.
(ii) A variable which is declared, inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
(iii) When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first searches Local, and then searches Enclosing scopes. Consider the following example

1. Disp(); 2. a:=10 3. Disp1(): 4. print a 5. Disp1() 6. print a 7. Disp()

Entire program

Output of the program 10 10

(i) The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways. The first way is via our familiar method of multiple assignment, which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.
lst := [10, 20]
x, y := lst
(ii) In the above example x will become l0 andy will become 20.
(iii) A second method for accessing the elements in a list is by the element selection operator. Unlike a list literal, a square brackets  expression directly following another expression does not evaluate to a list value, but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding expression.
Ist [0]
10
lst [1]
20

 

The variables used inside the function may cause side effects though the functions which are not passed with any arguments. In such cases the function is called impure function.
For example the mathematical function random() will give different outputs for the same function call.
let randomnumber :=
a := random()
if a > 10 then
      return: a
else
      return: 10