The access modifiers are private, public and protected members.
Private members of a class are denied access from the outside the class. They can be handled only within the class.
Public members are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method. This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.
Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes. No other process is permitted access to it. This enables specific resources of the parent class to be inherited by the child class.

Python doesn't have any mechanism that effectively restricts access to any instance variable or method. Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable or method with single or double underscore to emulate the behaviour of protected and private access Specifiers.
All members in a python class are public by default, whereas by default in C++ and Java they are private. Any member can be accessed from outside the class environment in python which is not possible in C++ and java.

The access modifiers are private, public and protected members.
Private members of a class are denied access from the outside the class. They can be handled only within the class.
Public members are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method. This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.
Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes. No other process is permitted access to it. This enables specific resources of the parent class to be inherited by the child class.

Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment. It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the object. In other words access control is a selective restriction of access to data.
In object oriented programming languages it is implemented through access modifiers. Classical object oriented languages, Such as C++ and Java, control the access to class members by public, private and protected keywords.

The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution. The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy.

The process of binding a variable name with an object is called mapping. =(equal to sign) is used in programming languages to map the variable and object.
programming languages keep track of all these mappings with namespaces. Namespaces are containers for mapping names of variables to objects.
The words are mapped with its meaning in dictionaries whereas names are mapped with objects in programming language.

To understand the scope of variables in a programming language, it is important to learn about what variables really are.
The variable scope addresses to an object in memory. When we assign a variable with :=to an instance, we're binding the variable to that instance. Multiple variables can be mapped to the same instance.

(i) Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class.
(ii) A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable.
(iii) A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
(iv) Built-in scope the widest scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into program scope when we. start the compiler or interpreter.

(i) Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class.
(ii) Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes.
(iii) Private members of a class are denied access from outside the class. They can be handled only from within the class.

Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method. This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.

(i) A module is a part of a program. Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules. A single module can contain one or several statements closely related each other.
(ii) Modules work perfectly on individual level and can be integrated with other modules. A software program can be divided into modules to ease the job of programming and debugging as well.
(iii) A program can be divided into small functional modules that work together to get the output. The process of subdividing a computer program into separate subprograms is called Modular programming.
(iv) Modular programming enables programmers to divide up the work and debug pieces of the program independently. The examples of modules are procedures, subroutines, and functions.

(i) Built-in scope is the widest scope. The built -in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter.
(ii) Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming language has Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.

(iii) Normally only Functions or modules come along with the software, as packages, therefore they will come under Built in scope.

(i) Every variable defined in a program has global scope.
(ii) Once defined, every part of your program can access that variable. But it is a good practice to limit a variable's scope to a single definition.
(iii) This way, changes inside the function can't affect the variable on the outside of the function in unexpected ways.