A module is a part of a program. Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules

The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called modular programming.

The output of the program
10
10

The output of the program
7
10

The output of the program
7

(i) Local scope
(ii) Enclosed scope
(iii) Global scope
(iv) Built-in scope

The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution. The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

Variable are addresses (references, or pointers, to an object in memory

Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable or method with single or double underscore to emulate the behavior of protected and private access specifiers.
Example: self_n2 = n2

Namespaces are containers for mapping names of variables to objects.
Example : a : =5
Here the variable 'a' is mapped to the value '5.

The process of binding a variable name with an object is called mapping = (equal to sign) is used in programming languages to map the variable and object.

Scope should be used for a variable because; it limits a variables scope to a single definition. That is the variables are visible only to that part of the code. Essentially, variables are addresses to an object in memory. When you assign a variable with := to an instance (object), you're binding (or mapping) the variable to that instance. Multiple variables can be mapped to the same instance.

Scope refers to the visibility of variables, parameters and functions in one part of a program to another part of the same program.

(i) Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class.
(ii) A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable.
(iii) A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
(iv) Built-in scope the widest scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into program scope when we. start the compiler or interpreter.

(i) Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class.
(ii) Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes.
(iii) Private members of a class are denied access from outside the class. They can be handled only from within the class.

Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method. This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.

(i) A module is a part of a program. Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules. A single module can contain one or several statements closely related each other.
(ii) Modules work perfectly on individual level and can be integrated with other modules. A software program can be divided into modules to ease the job of programming and debugging as well.
(iii) A program can be divided into small functional modules that work together to get the output. The process of subdividing a computer program into separate subprograms is called Modular programming.
(iv) Modular programming enables programmers to divide up the work and debug pieces of the program independently. The examples of modules are procedures, subroutines, and functions.

(i) Built-in scope is the widest scope. The built -in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter.
(ii) Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming language has Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.

(iii) Normally only Functions or modules come along with the software, as packages, therefore they will come under Built in scope.

(i) Every variable defined in a program has global scope.
(ii) Once defined, every part of your program can access that variable. But it is a good practice to limit a variable's scope to a single definition.
(iii) This way, changes inside the function can't affect the variable on the outside of the function in unexpected ways.

Output:
Red, Blue, Green
Red, Blue
Red.
Seope f Variables :

(i) Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment.
(ii) It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the object.
(iii) In other words access control is a selective restriction of access to data.
(iv) In object oriented programming languages is implemented through access modifiers.

(i) All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) within another function is called nested function.
(ii) A variable which is declared, inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
(iii) When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first searches Local, and then searches Enclosing scopes. Consider the following example

1. Disp(); 2. a:=10 3. Disp1(): 4. print a 5. Disp1() 6. print a 7. Disp()

Entire program

Output of the program 10 10

(i) Local scope refers to variables defined in current function. Always, a function will first look up for a variable name in its local scope.
(ii) Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
(iii) Look at this example:

1. Disp(): 2. a:=7 3. print a 4. Disp()

Entire program

Output of the Program 7

(iv) On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

(i) Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment.
(ii) It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the object.
(iii) In other words access control is a selective restriction of access to data. IN Object oriented programming languages it is implemented through access modifiers.
(iv) Classical object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java. control the access to class members by public, private and protected keywords.
(v) Private members of a class are denied access from the outside the class. They can be handled only from within the class.
(vi) Public members (generally methods declared in a class) are accessible from outside the class. The object of the same class is required to invoke a public method. This arrangement of private instance variables and public methods ensures the principle of data encapsulation.
(vii) Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes. No other process is permitted access to it. This enables specific resources of the parent class to be inherited by the child class.
(viii) Python doesn't have any mechanism that effectively restricts access to any instance variable or method. Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable or method with single or double underscore to emulate the behaviour of protected and private access specifiers.
(ix) All members in a Python class are public by default. whereas by default in C++ and java they are private. Any member can be accessed from outside the class environment in Python which is not possible in C++ and java.

(i) Less code to be written.
(ii) A single procedure can be developed for reuse, eliminating the need to retype the code many times.
(iii) Programs can be designed more easily because a small teana deals with only a
small part of the entire code.
(iv) Modular programming allowS many programmers to collaborate on the same
application.
(v) The code is stored across multiple files.
(vi) Code is short, sirnple and easy to understand.
(vii) Errors can easily be identified, as they are localized to a subroutine or function.
(viii) The same code can be used in man applications.
(ix) The scoping of variables can easily be controlled.

The following are the desirable characteristics of a module.
(i) Modules contain instructions, processing logic, and data.
(ii) Modules can be separately compiled and stored in a library.
(iii) Modules can be included in a program.
(iv) Module segments can be used by invoking a name and some parameters.
(v) Module segments can be used by other modules.

Types of Variable Scope:
There are 4 types of Variable Scope, let's discuss them one by one:
Local Scope:
(i) Local scope refers to variables defined in current function. Always, a function will first look up for a variable name in its local scope. Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
Look at this example

1. Disp(): 2. a:=7 3. print a 4. Disp()

Entire program

Output of the Program 7

(ii) On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.
Global Scope:
(i) A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable.
(ii) This means, global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.
Example:

1. a:=10 2. Disp(): 3. a:=7 4. print a 5. Disp() 6. print a

Entire program

Output of the Program 7 10

(iii) On execution of the above code the variable 'a' which is defined inside the function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10; because a is defined in global scope.
Enclosed Scope:
(i) All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) with in another function is called nested function.
(ii) A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
(iii) When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first search Local, and then search Enclosing scopes.  Consider
the following example:

(iv) In the above example Disp1( ) is defined with in Disp( ). The variable 'a' defined in Disp( ) can be even used by Disp1( ) because it is also a member of Disp( ).
Built-in Scope:
(i) The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter.
(ii) Any variable or function which is defined in the modules of a programming language has Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.Consider the following example.

Library files associated with the software

LEGB rule :
The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched
for scope resolution. The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to
lowest).