Uses of multiplier
1. Multiplier highlights the importance of investment in income and employment theory.
2. The process throws light on the different stages of trade cycle.
3. It also helps in bringing the equality between S and I.
4. It helps in formulating Government policies.
5. It helps to reduce unemployment and achieve full employment.

1. Payment towards past debts.
If a portion of the additional income is used for repayment of old loan, the MPC is reduced and as a result the value of multiplier is cut.
2. Purchase of existing wealth
If income is used in purchase of existing wealth such as land, building and shares money is circulated among people and never enters into the consumption stream. As a result the value of multiplier is affected.

Short - Run Factors
(i) Demand for the product: If the market for a particular good is expected to grow and its costs are likely to fall, the rate of return from investment will be high. If entrepreneurs expect a fall in demand for goods and a rise in cost, the investment will decline.
(ii) Liquid assets:
If the entrepreneurs are holding large volume of working capital, they can take advantage of the investment opportunities that come in their way. The MEC will be high.
(iii) Sudden changes in income:
The MEC is also influenced by sudden changes in income of the entrepreneurs. If the business community gets windfall profits, or tax concession the MEC will be high and hence investment in the country will go up. On the other hand, MEC falls with the decrease in income.

(i) Payment towards past debts
(ii) Purchase of existing wealth
(iii) Import of goods and services
(iv) Non availability of consumer goods
(v) Full employment situation

(i) Hicks combined multiplier and accelerator to measure the total effect of initial investment on income.
(ii) Both induced consumption and induced investment are combined.
(iii) Also called leverage effect, it may lead the economy to a very high or low level of income propagation.
\(\mathrm{Y}=\mathrm{C}+\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{A}}+\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{P}}\)
Y = aggregate income
C = consumption expenditure
I_A = autonomous investment
I_B = induced private investment

S. No Accelerator Effect Multiplier Effect 1. First developed by R. F. Khan redefined by Keynes Developed by J.M. Clark. Further developed by Hicks, Samuelson 2. It is the ratio of the change in national income to a change in investment.
\(K=\frac{\Delta Y}{\Delta I}\) It is the ratio between induced investment and an initial change in
consumption
\(\beta=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{I}}{\Delta \mathrm{C}}\)

Motive of precaution
To build a reserve against unforeseen contingencies, (c.g.) accidents
Motive of foresight
The desire to provide for anticipated future needs, (c.g.) Old age
Motive of calculation
The desire to enjoy interest and appreciation.
Income Distribution
According to VKRV Rao if income is equally distributed propensity to consume increases
Price level
When price falls, real income rises; people consume more and save more.
Wage level
Consumption expenditure increases with a rise in wages.

S. No	Autonomous Investment	Induced Investment
2.	Independent	Planned
3.	Income inelastic	Income elastic
4.	Welfare motive	Profit motive

(i) When income incrcases, consumption expenditure also incrcases but by a smaller amount.
(ii) The increased income will be divided in some proportion between consumption expenditure and saving.
(iii) Increase in income always leads to an increase in both consumption and saving.