Introduction:
(i) Water pollution adversely affects the health and life of man, animals and plants alike.
(ii) Polluted water is harmful for agriculture as it affects crops and soil fertility. Pollution of sea water damages the ocean life.
(iii) Many water bodies near urban areas are highly polluted.
Death of aquatic animals:
(i) Pollution kills organisms that depend on water bodies.
(ii) Dead fish, crabs, birds and sea gulls, dolphins lie dead on beaches, killed by pollutants.
Disruption of food-chains:
(i) Pollutants like lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals.
(ii) These animals are consumed by fish and the food chain continues disrupted at all higher levels.
Diseases:
(i) The discharge of untreated and under-treated effluent causes severe ecological degradation.
(ii) Open defecation, solid waste dumping, discharge of drainage water are responsible for pathogenic bacteria water-borne diseases like Hepatitis-A, Typhoid, Malaria, Dysentery, Jaundice, Dengue fever, Viral fever, Worm infections.
Destruction of Bcosystem:
(i) Ecosystem is severcly destroyed by water pollution.
(ii) Many areas are now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans in many ways.
Remedial measures to control Water Pollution:
1) Comprehensive water management plan.
2) Construction of proper storm drains and settling ponds.
3) Maintenance of drain line.
4) Effluent and sewage treatment plant.
5) Regular monitoring of water and waste water.
6) Stringent actions towards illegal dumping of waste into the water bodies.

Causes:
Vehicle exhaust smoke:
Vehicles release high amount of Carbon monoxide everyday in cities.
Fossil fuel based power plants:
(i) Fossil fuel when they are burned for energy in power plants release sulfur dioxide.
(ii) They travel straight into the atmosphere, react with water molecules and yield acid rain.
Exhaust from industrial plants and factories:
Heavy machineries located inside big factories and industrial plants also emit pollutants.
Construction and agricultural activities:
(i) Construction debris, dust particles and gaseous emissions from the construction sites cause pollution.
(ii) Using ammonia for agriculture is the most dangerous gas affecting air.
Natural Causes:
(i) Volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms are big polluters.
(ii) They are nature-borne events which dump massive amounts of air pollution into the atmosphere.
Household activities:
Cooking, heating, lighting, mosquito repellents, pesticides, chemicals for cleaning at home, use of artificial fragrances are some of the sources that contribute to air pollution.
Effects
Respiratory and heart problems:
(i) It creates several respiratory and heart ailments along with cancer.
(ii) Children are highly vulnerable and exposed to air pollutants and suffer from pneumonia and asthma.
Global warming:
Increasing temperature leads to global warming, sea level rises, polar icebergs melt and there is displacement and loss of habitant.
Acid rain:
Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere causing acid rain.
Eutrophication:
High amount of nitrogen present in air cause some pollutants adversely affect fish, plants, animals.
Effect on Wildlife:
Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place.
Depletion of Ozone layer:
(i) Ozone protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.
(ii) Earth's ozone layer is depleting due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.
Human Health:
(i) Outdoor air pollution is a major cause of death and disease globally.
(ii) Health effects range from increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, to increased risk of premature death.

1. Protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health.
2. Maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil.
3. Maintain biological diversity within the system.
4. Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the enterprise.
5. Provide attentive care that promotes health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock.
6. Prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the products at all stages of production.
7. Rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems.

1. Making people aware about the concept of a Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
2. Buying biodegradable products
3. Minimizing the usage of pesticides
4. Shifting cultivation
5. Disposing of unwanted garbage properly either by burning or by burying under the soil.
6. Minimizing the usage of plastics.

1. Soil pollution:
Soil pollution is another form of land pollution, where the upper layer of the soil is damaged. This is caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This leads to the loss of fertile land. Pesticides kill not only pests and also human beings.
2. Health Impact:
The land when contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to problem of skin cancer and the human respiratory system. The toxic chemicals can reach our body through foods and vegetables.
3. Cause for Air pollution:
Landfills and waste dumping lead to air pollution. The abnormal toxic substances spread in the atmosphere cause transmit respiratory diseases among the masses.
4. Effect on wildlife:
The animal kingdom has suffered mostly in the past decades. They face a serious threat with regards to loss of habitat and natural environment. The constant human activity on land is leaving.

i. Deforestation and soil erosion:
Deforestation carried out to create drylands is one of the major concerns. Land that is once converted into the dry or barren land, can never be made fertile again, whatever the magnitude of measures to convert it.
ii. Agricultural activities:
With a growing human and pet animal population, demand for food has increased considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid off insects, fungi, and bacteria from their crops. However, the overuse of these chemicals results in contamination and poisoning of land.
iii. Mining activities:
During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the surface.
iv. Landfills:
Each household produces tones of garbage each year due to changing economic lifestyle of the people. Garbage like plastic, paper, cloth, wood, and hospital waste get accumulated. Items that cannot be recycled become a part of the landfills that cause land pollution.
v. Industrialization:
Due to increasing consumerism more industries were developed which led to deforestation. Research and development paved the way for modern fertilizers and chemicals that were highly toxic and led to soil contamination.
vi. Construction activities:
Due to urbanization, a large number of construction activities are taking place. This has resulted in large waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic. These are dumped at the outskirts of urban areas that lead to land pollution.
vii. Nuclear waste:
The leftover radioactive materials, harmful and toxic chemicals affect human health. They are dumped beneath the earth to avoid any casualty.

Effects of Air Pollution:
1. Respiratory and heart problems: It creates several respiratory and heart ailments along with cancer. Children are highly vulnerable and exposed to air pollutants and commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.
2. Global warming: Increasing temperature in the atmosphere leads to global warming and thereby to increase sea level rise and melting of polar icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat.
3. Acid rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. Acid rain causes great damage to human beings, animals and crops.
4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants which adversely affects fish, plants and animal species.
5. Effect on Wildlife: Toxic chemical present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat.
6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth's atmosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth's ozone layer is depleting due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.
7. Human Health: Outdoor air pollution is a major cause of death and disease globally. The health effects range from increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, to increased risk of premature death. An estimated 4.2 billion premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution.

Causes of Land Pollution:
(i) Deforestation and soil erosion: Deforestation carried out to create drylands is one of the major concerns.
(ii) Agricultural activities: With growing human and pet animal population, demand for food has increased considerably; Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid off insects, fungi and bacteria from their crops. However the overuse of these chemicals, results in contamination and poisoning of land.
(iii) Mining activities: During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the surface.
(iv) Landfills: Each household produces tones of garbage each year due to changing economic lifestyle of the people. Garbage like plastic, paper, cloth, wood and hospital waste get accumulated.
(v) Industrialization: Due to increasing consumerism more industries were developed which led to deforestation.
(vi) Construction activities: Due to urbanization, large amount of construction activities are taking place. This has resulted in large waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic. These are dumped at the outskirts of urban areas that lead to land pollution.
(vii) Nuclear waste: The leftover radioactive materials, harmful and toxic chemicals affect human health. They are dumped beneath the earth to avoid any casualty.
Remedial measures to control Land Pollution
1. Making people aware about the concept of a Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
2. Buying biodegradable products
3. Minimizing the usage of pesticides
4. Shifting cultivation
5. Disposing unwanted garbage properly either by burning or by burying under the soil.
6. Minimizing the usage of plastics.

Causes of Noise Pollution:
(i) Poor urban planning: Improper urban planning will cause more nuisances among the city travelers.
(ii) Sounds from motor vehicles: Sounds from motor vehicles can cause temporary hearing loss.
(iii) Crackers: Enormous Crackers are used during some occasions. Such activities create a very louder noise to the level of harming the public. Sometimes, they may even cause deafness to children and aged.
(iv) Factory machinery: The industrial noise caused by continuous operation of mills, machines and pneumatic drills, is unbearable nuisance to the workers.

1. Vehicle exhaust smoke: Vehicles smoke happens to release high amounts of Carbon monoxide. Millions of vehicles are operated every day in cities, each one leaving behind its own carbon footprint on the environment. 
2. Fossil fuel based power plants: Fossil fuels also present a wider scale problem when they are burned for energy in power plants. Chemicals like sulfur dioxide are released during the burning process, which travel straight into the atmosphere. These types of pollutants react with water molecules to yield something known as acid rain.
3. Exhaust from Industrial Plants and Factories: Heavy machineries located inside big factories and industrial plants also emit pollutants into the air.
4. Construction and Agricultural activities: Potential impacts arising from the construction debris would include dust particles and gaseous emissions from the construction sites. Likewise, using of ammonia for agriculture is a frequent by product that happens to be one of the most dangerous gases affecting air.
5. Natural Causes: Earth is one of the biggest polluters itself, through volcanoes, forest fires, and dust storms. They are nature-borne events that dump massive amounts of air pollution into the atmosphere.
6. Household activities: Household activities like cooking, heating and lighting, use of various forms of mosquito repellents, pesticides and chemicals for cleaning at home and use of artificial fragrances are some of the sources that contribute to air pollution.

Effects of Noise Pollution:
(a) Hearing Loss: Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older people are exposed to significant occupational noise and thereby reduced hearing sensitivity.
(b) Damage Physiological and Psychological health: Unwanted noise can damage physiological and psychological health. For example, annoyance and aggression, hypertension, and high stress levels.
(c) Cardiovascular effects: High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular problems and exposure to blood pressure.
(d) Detrimental effect on animals and aquatic life: Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death.
(e) Effects on wildlife and aquatic animals: It creates hormone imbalance, chronic stress, panic and escape behavior and injury.

Causes of Water Pollution:
1. Discharge of sewage and waste water: Sewage, garbage and liquid waste of households, agricultural runoff and effluents from factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants.
2. Dumping of solid wastes: The dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies cause huge problems.
3. Discharge of industrial sastes: Industrial waste contains pollutants like asbestos, lead, mercury, grease oil and petrochemicals, which are extremely harmful to both people and environment.
4. Oil Spill: Sea water gets polluted due to oil spilled from ships and tankers while travelling. The spilled oil does not dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge polluting the water.
5. Acid rain: Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution. When the acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with water vapor, it results in acid rain.