(a) SAARC
Introduction:
1. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation is an organisation of South Asian nations which was established on 8^th Dec 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region and also for friendship and co-operation with other developing countries.
Members:
1. The SAARC Group comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan Sri Lanka and Afghanistan.
2. The SAARC Secretariat is in Kathmandu.
3. The first SAARC summit was held at Dhaka in the year 1985 and at Srilanka in 2018.
4. SAARC meets once in 2 years.
Objectives:
1. To promote the welfare and improve the quality of life of the people of South Asia.
2. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development.
3. To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among member countries.
4. To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problems.
5. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
6. To strengthen co-operation with other developing nations and among themselves, in international forums on matters of common interest.
7. To cooperate with international and regional organisations with sinmilar aims.
Achievements
1. The establishment of SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) and reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers on imports.
2. The setting up of Technical Committees for economic co-operation among SAARC countries relating to agriculture, communication, education, health, population, science, technology, tourism.
3. It has established a three-tier mechanism for exchanging information on poverty reduction programmes.
4. SAARC Agricultural Information Centre in 1988 works as a central information institution for agriculture related resources like fisheries, forestry.
5. South Asian Development Fund for development projects, human resource development and infrastructural development projects.
(b) BRICS
Introduction
1. BRICS is the acronym for an association of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
2. It's headquarters is at Shanghai, China.
3. The New Development Bank formerly called BRICS Development Bank was established by BRICS States.
Objectives:
1. To increase trade co-operation by making an exclusive trade block.
2. To use currency other than US Dollar.
3. To increase regional co-operation.
4. To create a separate trade block for developing countries.
Functions:
1. It promotes a more legitimate international system and also advocates reform of the UN Security Council.
2. It is an agent to bridge the increasing gap between developed and developing countries.
3. It assists developing countries in gaining in areas such as an advantage in trade and climate change negotiations.
4. It disseminates information and exchange platform beyond economic co-operation.
5. It acts as a catalytic in protecting the interests of middle powers on global forum.
Achievements:
1. The establishment of the Contingent Reserve Arrangement has deepened and consolidated the partnership of its members in the economic financial area.
2. In the sixth BRICS summit in Brazil, the member countries, signed an agreement to create a development bank.
3. The economic potential and demographic development are putting the BRICS countries, increasingly in a leading position in setting the global agenda and having a greater say in the global governance.
Conclusion:
4. BRICS share 43 % of world population, but only 21 % of the global GDP.

Introduction:
1. India is the founding member of the WTO.
2. India favours multilateral trade approach and enjoys MFN status.
3. India benefited from WTO on following grounds:
4. By reducing tariff rates on raw materials, components and capital goods, it was able to import more for meeting her developmental needs.
5. India's imports go on increasing.
6. India gets market access in several countries without any bilateral trade agreements.
7. Advanced technology has been obtained at cheaper cost.
8. India is in a better position to get quick redressal from the trade disputes.
9. Indian exporters benefited from wider market information.

Investment for productive purposes
(i) World Bank helps in reconstruction and development of territories of member nations through investment for productive purposes.
(ii) It encourages the development of productive facilities and resources in less developed countries.
Balanced growth of international trade
(i) Promoting the long range balanced growth of trade at international level and the maintaining equilibrium in BoPs of member nations by encouraging international investment.
Provision of loans and guarantees
(i) Arranging the loans or providing guarantee on loans by various other channels and execute important projects.
Promotion of foreign private investment
(i) This is done by means of guarantees on loans and other investment made by private investors.
(ii) The Bank supplements private investment by providing finance for productive purpose out of its own resources or from borrowed funds.
Technical services
(i) The World Bank facilitates different kinds of technical services to the member countries through Staff College and experts.

(i) To promote international monetary cooperation among the member nations.
(ii) To facilitate faster and balanced growth of international trade.
(iii) To ensure exchange rate stability by curbing competitive exchange depreciations.
(iv) To reduce exchange controls imposed by member nations.
(v) To establish multilateral trade and payment system in respect of current transactions.
(vi) To promote the flow of capital from developed to developing nations.
(vii) To solve the problem of international liquidity.