Causes of Noise Pollution:
(i) Poor urban planning: Improper urban planning will cause more nuisances among the city travelers.
(ii) Sounds from motor vehicles: Sounds from motor vehicles can cause temporary hearing loss.
(iii) Crackers: Enormous Crackers are used during some occasions. Such activities create a very louder noise to the level of harming the public. Sometimes, they may even cause deafness to children and aged.
(iv) Factory machinery: The industrial noise caused by continuous operation of mills, machines and pneumatic drills, is unbearable nuisance to the workers.

(i) The establishment of SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA) and reduction in tariff and non - tariff barriers in imports.
(ii) The setting up for Technical Committees for economic co - operation among SAARC countries relating to agriculture, communication, education, health, population, rural development, science and technology, tourism etc.
(iii) SAARC was established a three - tier mechanism, for exchanging information on poverty reduction programmes.
(vi) SAARC agricultural information centre(SAIC) in1988 works as central information institution for agriculture related resources like fisheries, forestry etc.
(v) South Asian Development fund (SADF) for development projects, human resource development and infrastructural development projects

(i) GST will mainly remove the cascading effect on the sale of goods and services.
(ii) Removal of cascading effect will directly impact of the cost of goods.
(iii) Tax is eliminated in this regime, the cost of goods decreases.
(iv) GST is also mainly technologically driven.
(v) All activities like registration, return filing, application for refund and response to notice need to be done online on the GST portal. This will speed up the processes.

(i) The classical economists believed that investment depended exclusively on rate of interest.
(ii) Investment decision depends on a number of factors.
(iii) They are as follows:
(1) Rate of interest
(2) Level of uncertainty
(3) Political environment
(4) Rate of growth of population
(5) Stock of capital goods
(6) Necessity of new products
(7) Level of income of investors
(8) Inventions and innovations
(9) Consumer demand
(10 ) Policy of the state
(11) Available of capital
(12) Liquid assets of the investors

(i) Income by Income Method. Income method approaches National Income from the distribution side.
(ii) National income is calculated by adding up all the incomes generated in the course of producing national product.
(iii) Factor incomes are grouped under labour income, capital income and mixed income.
(iv) national income is calculated as domestic factor income plus net factor incomes from abroad. In short,
Y = w + r + i + π + (R-P)
w = wages
r = rent
i = interest
π = profits
R = Exports
P = Imports
(v) This method is adopted for estimating the contributions of the remaining sector, viz.
(vi) Data on income from abroad (the rest of) the world sector or foreign sector are obtained from the account of the balance of payment of the country.
Items no to be included:
(1) Transfer payments are not to be included in estimation of national income.
(2) The receipts from the sale of second hand goods should not be treated as part of national income.
Item to be included:
(1) Imputed value of rent for self occupied house or offices is to be included.
(2) Imputed value of services provided by owners of production unit (family labour) is to be included.

(a) Rapid Economic Growth:
(i) It promotes rapid economic growth.
(ii) Thus both public requirements and private needs are taken care of.
(b) Balanced Economic Growth:
(i) Mixedism promotes balanced growth of the economy.
(ii) It promotes balanced growth between agriculture and industry.
(c) Proper utilization of Resources:
(i) The government can ensure proper utilization of resources.
(ii) The government controls must of the important activities directly.
(d) Economic Equality:
(i) The government uses progressive rates of taxation.
(ii) Income tax to bring about economic equality.

(i) Savings done in terms of commodities were not permanent.
(ii) With the invention of money, this difficulty has now disappeared and savings are now done in terms of money.
(iii) Money also serves as an excellent store of wealth.
(iv) Money can be easily converted into other assets such as land, machinery, plant etc.
(v) The modern money - economy has greatly facilitated the borrowing and lending processes.
(vi) In other words, money now acts as the standard of deferred payments.
(vii) The field of exchange also went on extended to distant lands.
(viii) It is therefore, felt necessary to transfer purchasing power from one place to another.