The interdependence of economics and environment is given in the figure

(i) The key objective of EE is to identify those particular tools or policy alternatives that will move the market towards the most efficient allocation of natural resources.
(ii) EE takes into consideration issues such as the conservation and valuation of natural resources, pollution control, waste management, and recycling.

(i) A seed ball is a seed that has been wrapped in soil materials, usually a mixture of clay and compost and then dried.
(ii) The seed is pre-planted and can be sown by depositing the seed ball anywhere suitable for the species, keeping the seed safely until the proper germination window arises.

Global warming is the current increase in temperature of the earth's surface (both land and water) and its atmosphere.

(i) An ecosystem includes all living things (plants, animals and organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).
(ii) It is the foundation of the Biosphere and determine the health of the earth.

i. Atmospheric Noise:
Atmospheric noise or static is caused by lightning discharges in thunderstorms and other natural electrical disturbances occurring in the atmosphere.
ii. Industrial Noise:
Industrial noise refers to noise that is created in the factories. Sound becomes noise it becomes unwanted. Heavy industries like shipbuilding, iron, and steel have long been associated with Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).
iii. Man-made Noise:
The main sources of man-made noise pollution are ships, aircraft, seismic exploration, marine construction, drilling, and motor boats.

i. Solid waste:
It includes all kinds of rubbish like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, food, used cars, broken electronic goods, municipal waste, and hospital waste.
ii. Pesticides and Fertilizers:
Many farming activities engage in the application of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for higher crop yield which pollute land.
iii. Deforestation:
Humans depend on trees for many things including life. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air and release Oxygen, which is needed for life. Forest helps replenish soils and help retain nutrients being washed away. Deforestation is led to land pollution.

Discharge of sewage and waste water:
(i) Sewage, garbage and liquid waste of households, agricultural runoff and effluents from factories are discharged into lakes and rivers.
(ii) These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants.
Dumping of solid wastes:
(i) The dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies cause huge problems.
Discharge of industrial wastes:
(i) Industrial waste contains asbestos, lead, mercury, grease oil and petrochemicals.
Oil Spill:
(i) Sea water gets polluted due to oil spilled from ships and tankers.
Acid Rain:
(i) When the acidic particles caused by air pollution mix with water vapour, it results in acid rain.
Global warming:
(i) The increase in water temperature affects aquatic plants and animals.
Eutrophication:
(i) The increased level of nutrients in water depletes oxygen in water and this negatively affects fish and other aquatic animal population.

Indoor Air Pollution:
(i) It refers to toxic contaminants that we encounter in our daily lives in our homes, schools and workplaces.
(ii) (e.g.) cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires.
Outdoor Air Pollution:
(i) It refers to ambient air.
(ii) The common sources of outdoor air pollution are caused by combustion processes from motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry.

1. Protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health.
2. Maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil.
3. Maintain biological diversity within the system.
4. Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the enterprise.
5. Provide attentive care that promotes health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock.
6. Prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the products at all stages of production.
7. Rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems.

1. Making people aware about the concept of a Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
2. Buying biodegradable products
3. Minimizing the usage of pesticides
4. Shifting cultivation
5. Disposing of unwanted garbage properly either by burning or by burying under the soil.
6. Minimizing the usage of plastics.

Introduction:
(i) Sustainable development is concerned with the welfare of the present and future generation.
(ii) It aims at satisfying the luxury wants of the rich and the basic necessities of the poor.
Definition:
(i) Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Goals:
(i) It is crucial to harmonize three core elements such as economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection.
(ii) A set of 17 goals for the world's future can be achieved before 2030 with three unanimous principles fixed by United Nations such as Universality, Integration and Transformation.
1) End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
3) Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages.
4) Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.
5) Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls.
6) Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.
7) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8) Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all.
9) Build resilient infrastructure, promote, sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
10) Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11) Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
12) Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern.
13) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources.
15) Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, stop and reverse land degradation, stop biodiversity loss.
16) Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies.
17) Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

(i) Strong economic growth or high GDP growth leads to excessive use of resources.
(ii) Natural resources are essential inputs for production in many sectors;
(iii) Production and consumption lead to pollution and other pressures on the environments.
(iv) Poor environmental quality affects economic growth and well being by lowering the quantity and quality of resources or due to health impact.
(v) There is the need to balance growth and the sustainability of eco system.
(vi) So we have to ensure our sustainable existence, consume less and curb economic growth.