In reference to the Indian Government budget, budget deficit is of four major types.
(a) Revenue Deficit
(b) Budget Deficit
(c) Fiscal Deficit, and
(d) Primary Deficit

When the responsibilities of the state increase, it supplements traditional revenue sources by borrowing from individuals and institutions within and outside the country. This is public debt.

(i) CGST - Central Goods and Services Tax
(ii) SGST - State Goods and Services Tax
(iii) IGST - Integrated Goods and Services Tax

Income tax, wealth tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax.

(i) Both are source of public revenue.
(ii) Tax is a compulsory payment but the tax payer cannot claim any specific benefit by paying a tax.
(iii) Fee does not involve compulsion.
(iv) Government provides certain services (e.g.) driving license and charges a fee for it.

(i) "Public finance is one of those subjects that lie on the border linè between Economics and Politics. It is concerned with income and expenditure of public authorities and with the adjustment of one to the other". . - Huge Dalton
(ii) Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state revenue and expenditure - Adam Smith

1. Unpopular
Direct taxes are generally unpopular. It is inconvenient and less flexible.
2. Productivity affected
According to many economists direct tax may adversely affect productivity. Citizens are not willing to earn more income because in that case they have to pay more taxes.
3. Inconvenient
The tax payers find it inconvenient to maintain accounts, submit returns and pay tax in lump sum.
4. Tax Evasion
The burden of direct tax is so heavy that tax-payers always try to evade taxes. This ultimately leads to the generation of black money, which is harmful to the economy.

(i) An internal public debt is a loan taken by the Government from the citizens or from different institution within the country.
(ii) An internal public debt only involves transfer of wealth.

(i) Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments. PD = Fiscal deficit (FD) - Interest Payment (IP)
(ii) It shows the real burden of the government and it does not include the interest burden on loans taken in the past.
(iii) It shows the borrowing requirement of the government exclusive of interest payments.

(i) A tax is a compulsory payment made to the government. Refusal to pay the tax is punishable.
(ii) There is no quid pro quo between a taxpayer and public authorities.
(iii) Tax payer cannot claim any specific benefit against the payment of a tax.
(iv) Every tax involves some sacrifice on the part of the tax payer.
(v)  A tax is not levied as a fine or penalty for breaking law.

Defence
1. The Government protects the people from external aggression and internal disorder.
2. Through police and military forces it renders protective services.
Judiciary:
1. It provides adequate judicial structure to render justice to all citizens.
Enterprises
1. The regulation and control of private enterprise comes under the government.
Social Welfare:
1. The state provides education, social security, social insurance, health and sanitation for the people.
Infrastructure
1. Modern States build the base for the economic development of the country by creating social and economic infrastructure.
Macro-economic policy
1. The Government follows fiscal policy and monetary policy to achieve macro economic goals.
Social Justice
1. During the process of growth certain sections of the economy gain at the cost of others.
2. Government intervenes with fiscal measures to redistribute income.
Control of Monopoly
1. State intervenes through control of monopolies and restrictive trade practices to curb concentration of economic power.

Canon of Ability
1. The Government should impose tax in such a way that the people have to pay taxes according to their ability.
2. Rich person should pay more tax.
Canon of Certainty
1. There is no uncertainty regarding the rate of tax or the time of payment.
Canon of Convenience
1. The method of tax collection and the timing of the tax payment should be convenient to the people.
Canon of Economy
1. The Government should impose only those taxes whose collection costs are very less and cheap.

Principle of Independence
(i) A Government should be autonomous and free about the internal financial matters concerned.
(ii) Each Government should have separate sources of revenue, authority to levy taxes, to borrow money and to meet the expenditure.
Principle of Equity
(i) The resources should be distributed among the different states so that each state receives a fair share of revenue.
Principle of Uniformity
(i) Each state should contribute equal tax payments for federal finance.
Principle of Adequacy of Resources
(i) The resources of each Government should be adequate to carry out its functions effectively to meet current and future needs.
(ii) Resources should be elastic to meet the growing needs and unforeseen expenditure.
Principle of Fiscal Access
(i) The Central and State Governments must be able to develop new source of revenue.
Principle of Integration and coordination
(i) There should be perfect coordination among different layers of the financial system.
Principle of Efficiency
(i) The financial system should be well organized and efficiently administered.
(ii) There should be no scope for evasion and fraud.
(iii) Double taxation should be avoided.
Principle of Administrative
Economy
(i) The cost of collection should be at the minimum level and the major portion of revenue should be made available for the other expenditure outlays of the Governments.
Principle of Accountability
(i) Each Government should be accountable to its own legislature for its financial decisions.

Public Finance
(i) Public finance is a study of the financial aspects of Government.
Public Revenue:
(i) Public revenue deals with the methods of raising revenue such as tax and non-tax, the principles of taxation, rates of taxation, impact, incidence and shifting of taxes and their effects.
Public Expenditure
(i) It studies the fundamental principles that govern the Government expenditure, effects of public expenditure and control of public expenditure.
Public Debt
(i) Public debt deals with the methods of raising loans from internal and external sources.
(ii) The burden, effects and redemption of public debt fall under this head.
Financial Administration
(i) This part deals with the Annual master financial plan of the Government, the budget, the various objectives, steps in preparing a public budget passing or sanctioning, allocation, evaluation and auditing.
Fiscal Policy
(i) Taxes, subsidies, public debt and public expenditure are the instruments of fiscal policy.