1. Rank data, on the other hand, are the result of assigning ranks to specify order in terms of the integers 1,2,3, ..., n.
2. Ranks may be assigned according to the level of performance in a test, a contest, a competition, an interview, or a show.

1. Nominal data are the outcome of classification into two or more categories of items or units comprising a sample or a population according to some quality characteristic.
2. Classification of students according to their sex (as males and females), Workers according to their skill (as skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled), and of employees according to their level of education (as matriculates, undergraduates, and post-graduates).

(i) Correlation is a statistical device that helps to analyse the covariation of two or more variables.
(ii) Correlation is the relationship between two or more variables which vary with the other in the same or the opposite direction.

(i) Based on characteristics there are quantitative and qualitative data.
(ii) Qualitative data is classified as nominal data and rank data.
(iii) Based on the data sources there are primary data and secondary data.

(i) Statistics as a science of estimates and probabilities.
(ii) Statistics is the collection, organisation, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.

Statistics and Economics
Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many economic problems such as fluctuation in wages, prices, production, distribution of income and wealth and so on.
Statistics and Firms
Statistics is widely used in many firms to find whether the product is conforming to specifications or not.
Statistics and Commerce
Statistics are life blood of successful commerce. Market survey plays an important role to exhibit the present conditions and to forecast the likely changes in future.

The Programme Implementation Wing has three Divisions, namely,
(i) Twenty Point Programme
(ii) Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring
(iii) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.

Central Statistical Office (CSO)
(i)  It is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country and for evolving and maintaining statistical standards.
(ii) It compiles National Accounts, conducts Annual Survey of Industries and Economic Census, compiles Index of Industrial Production and Consumer Price Indices.
(iii) It deals with social statistics, training, international co-operation, Industrial Classification, etc.
National Sample Survey
Organisation
NSSO has four divisions:
(i) Survey Design and Research Division
(ii) Field Operations. Division
(iii) Data Processing Division
(iv) Co-ordination and Publication Division
The Programme Implementation Wing has 3 Divisions:
(i) Twenty Point Programme
(ii) Infrastructure Monitoring and Project Monitoring
(iii) Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme.
1. There is National Statistical Commission and one autonomous Institute, i.e., Indian Statistical Institute.

(i) Models in Mathematical Economics are developed based on Economic Theories, while Econometric Models are developed based on Economic Theories to test the validity of Economic Theories in reality through the actual data.
(ii) Regression Analysis in Statistics does not concentrate more on error term while Econometric Models concentrate more on error terms  

(I) Statistics presents facts in a definite form.
(ii) It simplifies mass of figures.
(iii) It facilitates comparison.
(iv) It helps in formulating and testing.
(v) It helps in prediction.
(vi) It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.

Apply the formula
\(r=\frac { n\sum { xy-(\sum { x } )(\sum { y } ) } }{ \sqrt { n{ \sum { x } }^{ 2 }-{ (\sum { x } ) }^{ 2 }n{ \sum { y } }^{ 2 }-{ (\sum { y } ) }^{ 2 } } } \)
\(r=\frac { 14x4237-(140x365) }{ \sqrt { (14x1670-{ 140 }^{ 2 })(14x12131-{ 365 }^{ 2 }) } } \)
\(r=\frac { 59318-51100 }{ \sqrt { (14x1670-{ 140 }^{ 2 })(14x12131-{ 365 }^{ 2 }) } } \)
\(r=\frac { 8218 }{ \sqrt { 13642020 } } =\frac { 8218 }{ \sqrt { 11763.589 } } \)
= 0.70

Econometrics is the statistical and mathematical analysis of economic relationships, often serving as a basis for economic forecasting. It is used by economists to study relationships between economic variables Econometrics is interesting because it provides the tools to enable us to extract useful information about important economic policy issues from the available data. It is used to understand economic issues and test theories. Without evidence economic theories are abstract and has no bearing on reality. Econometrics is a set of tools we can use to confront theory with real world data. A study' could estimate a key parameter such as the price elasticity of demand for it or econometric techniques could be used to generate forecasts. It is used to develop, estimate and evaluate models which relate economic or financial variables.

Nature of Statistics
(i) Different Statisticians and Economists differ in views about the nature of statistics.
(ii) Some call it a science and some say it is an art
(iii) Tippet considers Statistics both as a science as well as an art.
Scope of statistics
(i) Statistics is applied in every sphere of human activity social and physical.
Statistics and Economics
(i) Statistical data and techniques are immensely useful in solving many economic problems.
Statistics and Firms
(i) Statistics is used in many firms to find whether the product is conforming to specifications or not.
Statistics and Commerce
(i) Market survey helps to find the present conditions and to forecast the likely changes in future.
Statistics and Education
- Statistics is necessary for the formulation of policies to start new course.
- Public and private educational institutions do research and development work to test the past knowledge and evolving knowledge.
Statistics and Planning
(i) In the modern world, a "world of planning" almost all the organisations in the government are using planning for efficient working, for the formulation of policy decisions and execution of the same.
(ii) In India, statistics play an important role in planning both at the central and the state government levels, but the quality of data is highly unscientific.
Statistics and Medicine
(i) t-test is used to compare the efficiency of two medicines.
Statistics and Modern applications
(i) Recent developments in computer and information technology have enabled statistics to integrate their models and thus make statistics a part of decision making procedures of many organisations.
(ii) There are many software packages available for solving simulation problems.