Biopiracy can be defined as the manipulation of intellectual property rights laws by corporations to gain exclusive control over national genetic resources, without giving adequate recognition or remuneration to the original possessors of those resources.

(i) PEG - Poly Ethylene Glycol
(ii) PHB - Poly Hydroxy Butyrate

Vectors which are suitable for expressing foreign proteins are called expression vectors.
This vector consists of signals necessary for transcription and translation of proteins in the host.
This helps the host to produce foreign protein in large amounts. Example: pUC 19.

Papaya is a dimorphic plant since their sexes are separate i.e., male plant produces flowers with stamens and female plants produces flowers with carpels

The two genes that are sufficiently far apart on the same chromosome are called unlinked genes or syntenic genes. Such condition is known as synteny.

Extranuclear inheritance is due to genes located on the cytoplasmic organelles such as chloroplast and mitochondrion hence it is called cytoplasmic inheritance.

An allele which has the potential to cause the death of an organism is called a Lethal Allele. 

Tapetum is derived partly from peripheral wall layer and partly from the connective tissue of anther lining the anther locule. 

(a) Calyx
(b) Corolla
(c) Androecium
(d) Gynoecium

(a) Only one parent is required.
(b) New individuals are genetically similar
(c) Rapid spreading
(d) Large scale production

The unit of reproductive structures used in vegetative propagation is called diaspore or reproductive propagules.

Hydrosere: Succession of plants in a freshwater ecosystem.
Xerosere: Succession of plants in areas with minimal amount of water.

Amensalism is an interspecific interaction in which one species is inhibited while the other species is neither benefitted nor harmed. The inhibition is achieved by the secretion of certain chemicals called allelopathic substances. Amensalism is also called antibiosis.

Edaphic factors are the abiotic factors related to soil, include the physical and chemical composition of the soil formed in a particular area.

1. Fire has a direct lethal effect on plants .
2. It brings out the alteration of light, rainfall, nutrient cycle, fertility of soil, pH, soil flora and fauna

Timber line is an imaginary line in a mountain or higher areas of land that marks the level above which trees do not grow. The altitudinal limit of normal tree growth is about 3000 to 4000 m.

(a) Autecology is the ecology of an individual species and is also called species ecology.
(b) Synecology is the ecology of a population or community with one or more species and also called as community ecology.

The interaction of organisms with their environment results in the establishment of grouping of organisms which is called ecological hierarchy.

(a) Herbivores acts as primary consumers of producers (Plants).
(b) Microconsumers decomposes the dead ,remains and excreta of plants and animals.

Protoplasts are the cells without a cell wall, bounded by cell membrane. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) is used to test the viability of protoplast.

1. Culture media are sterilized by Autoclaving.
2. Explants are surface sterilized by chemicals.

Growing plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or organs away from their natural or normal environment, under artificial condition, is known as Tissue Culture.

A non-native species to the ecosystem or country under consideration that spreads naturally, interferes with the biology and existence of native species, poses a serious threat to the ecosystem and causes economic loss.
e.g., Eichhornia crassipes

(i) Petunia species act as indicators for Nitrate pollution.
(ii) Gladiolus species acts as indicators for Fluoride pollution.