An antibiotic resistance marker is a gene that produces a protein that provides cells with resistance to an antibiotic. Bacteria with transformed DNA can be identified by growing on a medium containing an antibiotic. Recombinants will grow on these medium as they contain genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., while others may not be able to grow in these media, hence it is considered useful selectable marker.

The foreign DNA is coated onto the surface. of minute gold or tungsten particles (1-3 urn) and bombarded onto the target tissue or cells using a particle gun (also called as gene gun/micro projectile gun/shotgun). Then the bombarded cells or tissues are cultured on selected medium to regenerate plants from the transformed cells.

Yes, although SCP is a rich protein source it is not widely used by most of the people in countries due to its higher nucleic acid content and slow digestibility.

Single Cell Protein (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that are used as protein supplement in human foods or animal feeds. SCP are rich in proteins, aminoacids, vitamins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals. It is used as food source by Astronauts and Antarctica expedition scientists.

Pleiotropy - A single gene affecting many traits. Here the single gene AA controls the traits for flower colour, seed colour and leaf axil spot.

(a) A - Bud from eye
(b) Tuber
(c) Solanum tuberosum

Male sterility found in pearl maize (Sorgum vulgare) is the best example for mitochondrial cytoplasmic inheritance. So it is called cytoplasmic male sterility. In this, male sterility is inherited maternally. The gene for cytoplasmic male sterility is found in the mitochondrial DNA.

The Law of Segregation (Law of Purity of gametes): Alleles do not show any blending. During the formation of gametes, the factors or alleles of a pair separate and segregate from each other such that each gamete receives only one of the two factors. A homozygous parent produces similar gametes and a heterozygous parent produces two kinds of gametes each having one allele with equal proportion. Gametes are never hybrid.

The ornithophilous flowers have the following characteristic features:
(i) The flowers are usually large in size.
(ii) The flowers are tubular, cup-shaped or urn-shaped.
(iii) The flowers are brightly coloured, red, scarlet, pink, orange, blue and yellow which attracts the birds.
(iv) The flowers are scentless and produce nectar in large quantities. Pollen and nectar from the floral rewards for the birds visiting the flowers.
(v) The floral parts are tough and leathery to withstand the powerful impact of the visitors.

The maize is monoecious and unisexual. The male inflorescence (tassel) is borne terminally and female inflorescence (cob) laterally at lower levels. Maize pollens are large and heavy and cannot be carried by a light breeze. However, the mild wind shakes the male inflorescence to release the pollen which falls vertically below. The female inflorescence has a long stigma (silk) measuring up to 23 mm in length, which projects beyond leaves. The pollens drop from the tassel is caught by the stigma.

When the pollen deposits on another flower of the same individual plant, it is said to be geitonogamy. It usually occurs in plants which show monoecious condition. It is functionally cross-pollination but is similar to autogamy because the pollen comes from the same plant

(a) Egg - 1
(b) Secondary nucleus - 1
(c) Synergids - 2
(d) Antipodal cells - 3

The movement of decomposed, water soluble organic and inorganic compounds from the surface to the lower layer of soil or the carrying away of the same by water is called eluviation.

In a forest ecosystem the pyramid of number is spindle in shape, it is because the base (T ₁) of the pyramid occupies large sized trees (Producer) which are lesser in number. Herbivores (T₂) (Fruit eating birds, elephant and deer) occupying second trophic level, are more in number than the producers. In final trophic level (T₄) tertiary consumers (lion) are lesser in number than the secondary consumer (T₃) (fox and snake).

Predation: It is an interaction between two species, one of which captures, kills and eats up the other. The species which kills is called a predator and the species which is killed is called a prey. The predator is benefitted while the prey is harmed.
1. Many herbivores are predators. Cattles, Camels and Goats etc., frequently browse on the tender shoots of herbs, shrubs and trees.

North and south faces of mountain or hill possess different types of flora and fauna because they differ in their humidity, rainfall, light intensity, light duration and temperature regions. The two faces of the mountain or hill receive different amount of solar radiation, wind action and rain. Of these two faces, the windward region possesses good vegetation due to heavy rains and the leeward region possesses poor vegetation due to rain shadows (rain deficit).

(a) A - Differentiation
(b) B - Redifferentiation

GEAC is an apex body under Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change for regulating manufacturing, use, import, export and storage of hazardous microbes or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and cells in the country. It was established as an apex body to accord approval of activities involving large scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production. The GEAC is also responsible for approval of proposals relating to release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment including experimental field trials (Biosafety Research Level trial-I and II known as BRL-I and BRL-II).

The specification part is narrative in which the subject matter of invention is described as how the invention was carried out.
The claim specifically defines the scope of the invention to be protected by the patent which the others may not practice.

Prosopis juliflora is used to arrest wind erosion and stabilize sand dunes on coastal and desert areas. It can absorb hazardous chemicals from soil and it is the main source of charcoal.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is defined in the Kyoto protocol (2007) which provides project-based mechanisms with two objectives to prevent dangerous climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. CDM projects help countries to reduce or limit emissions and stimulate sustainable development.
An example of CDM project activity is the replacement of conventional electrification projects with solar panels or other energy efficient boilers. Such projects can earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) with credits/scores, each equivalent to one tonne of CO₂, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets

(a) Mango
(b) Capsicum

Pest like aphids, spider and mites can cause serious damage to flowers, fruits, and vegetables. These creatures attack the garden in swarms, and drain the life of the crop and often invite disease in the process. Many chemical pesticides prove unsafe for human and the environment. It turns fruits and vegetables unsafe for consumption. Thankfully, there are many homemade, organic options to turn to war against pests.

Mango is the major table fruit of India, which is rich in beta carotenes. It is utilized in many ways, as dessert, canned, dried and preserves in Indian cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, pickles, side dishes, or may be eaten raw with salt and chili. Mango pulp is made into jelly. Aerated and non-aerated fruit juice is a popular soft drink.

Procedure of Fermentation
a. Depending upon the type of product, bioreactor is selected.
b. A suitable substrate in liquid media is added at a specific temperature, pH and then diluted.
c. The organism (microbe, animal/plant cell, sub-cellular organelle or enzyme) is added to it.
d. Then it is incubated at a specific temperature for the specified time.
e. The incubation may either be aerobic or anaerobic.
f. Withdrawal of product using downstream processing methods.