(i) The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein containing 238 amino acid residues of 26.9 kDa that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue to ultraviolet range (395 nm).
(ii) GFP refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria.
(iii) GFP is an excellent tool in biology due to its ability to form internal chromophore without requiring any accessory cofactors, gene products, enzymes or substrates other than molecular oxygen.
(iv) In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression. It has been used in modified forms to make biosensors.

Procedure of Fermentation
a. Depending upon the type of product, bioreactor is selected.
b. A suitable substrate in liquid media is added at a specific temperature, pH and then diluted.
c. The organism (microbe, animal/plant cell, sub-cellular organelle or enzyme) is added to it.
d. Then it is incubated at a specific temperature for the specified time.
e. The incubation may either be aerobic or anaerobic.
f. Withdrawal of product using downstream processing methods.

Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa (rice) produced through genetic engineering of biosynthesized beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin-A in the edible parts of rice developed by Ingo Potrykus and his group. The aim is to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary Vitamin-A, which kills so many children under five year age. Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes namely 'psy' (phytoene synthase) from daffodil plant Narcissus pseudonarcissus and 'crt-I' gene from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora and 'lyc' (lycopene cyclase) gene from wild-type rice endosperm. The endosperm of normal rice, does not contain beta-carotene. Golden-rice has been genetically altered so that the endosperm now accumulates Beta-carotene. This has been done using Recombinant DNA technology. Golden rice can control childhood blindness - Xerophthalmia.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9.

The foreign DNA is coated onto the surface. of minute gold or tungsten particles (1-3 urn) and bombarded onto the target tissue or cells using a particle gun (also called as gene gun/micro projectile gun/shotgun). Then the bombarded cells or tissues are cultured on selected medium to regenerate plants from the transformed cells.