It is characterized by multiple and severe body malformations as well as profound mental deficiency. Small head with small eyes, cleft palate, malformation of the brain and internal organs are some of the symptoms of this syndrome.

Exceptions to universal nature of genetic code is noticed in prokaryotic mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes

DNA polymerase I is also known as Kornberg enzyme.
Polynucleotide phosphorylase is also known as Ochoa's enzyme

NHC: Non-histone Chromosomal protein.
In eukaryotes, apart from histone proteins, additional set of proteins are required for packing of chromatin at higher level and are referred as non - histone chromosomal proteins

Klinefelter's syndrome - 44AA+XXY
Turner's syndrome - 44AA+XO

The I gene exists in three forms: l^A, I^B and 1^O. The alleles are located on chromosome 9.

When normal vaginal delivery is not possible due to factors like position of the baby and nature of the placenta, the baby is delivered through a surgical incision in the woman's abdomen and uterus. It is also termed as abdominal delivery or Caesarean Section or 'C' Section.

Parturition is the completion of pregnancy and giving birth to the baby. The series of events that expels the infant from the uterus is collectively called "labour".

Fallopian tubes, Uterus and Vagina.

Semen or seminal fluid is a milky white fluid which contains sperms and the seminal plasma, which is secreted from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands

Mesozoic era is divided into three periods namely Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous.
Dominating Fauna: Reptiles and Dinosaurs
Dominating Flora: Conifers, Ferns and Ginkgon.

Hardened faecal matter are termed coprolites and occurs as tiny pellets. Analysis of coprolites enables us to understand the nature of the diet, on which the prehistoric animals thrived.

(i) Foetoscope is used to monitor the foetal heart rate and other functions during late pregnancy and labour. The average foetal heart rate is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
(ii) An abnormal foetal heart rate or pattern may mean that the foetus is not getting enough oxygen and it indicates other problems.

Ultrasonography is usually performed in the first trimester for dating, determination of the number of foetuses, and for assessment of early pregnancy complications.

The hormone oxytocin brings about the "Let - down" reflex which is the actual ejection of milk from the alveoli of the mammary glands.

The placenta along with the remains of the umbilical cord called "after birth" is expelled out after delivery.

Sperms are finally released into the cavity of seminiferous tubules by a process called spermiation. It follows spermiogenesis.

Attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall is called Implantation.

Formation of gametes in males and females by spermatogenesis and oogenesis respectively

The phosphate functional group (PO₄) present in DNA and RNA gives the property of an acid (releasing H⁺ ion or proton in solution) at physiological pH. Hence the name nucleic acid.

A - Chromosomes
B - Nucleoli
C - Nucleus
D - Longitudinal furrow
E - Nuclear constriction
F - Daughter Euglena

A - Individual parent
B - Bud forming
C - Bud growing
D - Osculum
D - Daughter individual

(i) Binary fission
(ii) Encystment and spore formation unfavourable conditions
(iii) Sporulation - unfavourable conditions.

(i) Arrhenotoky - e.g. honey bees
(ii) Thelytoky - e.g. Solenobia
(iii) Amphitoky - e.g. Aphis.

(i) In paedogenetic parthenogenesis (paedogenesis) the larvae produce a new generation oflarvae by parthenogenesis.
(ii) It occurs in the sporocysts and Redia larvae of liver fluke.