Dermatomycosis - Trypanosoma gambiense is the mismatched pair. Dermatomycosis is a cutaneous infection caused by fungus

Current analysis of Y chromosomes has revealed numerous genes and regions with potential genetic function; some genes with or without homologous counterparts are seen on the X. Present at both ends of the Y chromosome are the pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) that are similar with regions on the X chromosome which synapse and recombine during meiosis. The remaining 95% of the Y chromosome is referred as the Non-combining Region of the Y (NRY). The NRY is divided equally into functional genes (euchromatic) and non-functional genes (heterochromatic). Within the euchromatin regions, is a gene called Sex-determining region Y (SRY). In humans, absence of Y chromosome inevitably leads to female development and this SRY gene is absent in X chromosome. The gene product of SRY is the testes determining factor (TDF) present in the adult male testis.

As the pregnancy progresses, increase in the oestrogen concentration promotes uterine contractions. These uterine contractions facilitate moulding of the foetus and downward movement of the foetus. The descent of the foetus causes dilation of cervix of the uterus and vaginal canal resulting in a neurohumoral reflex called Foetal ejection reflex or Ferguson reflex. This initiates the secretion of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis which in turn brings about the powerful contraction of the uterine muscles and leads to the expulsion of the baby through the birth canal.

The inner cell mass in the blastula is differentiated into epiblast and hypoblast immediately after implantation. The hypoblast is the embryonic endoderm and the epiblast is the ectoderm. The cells remaining in between the epiblast and the endoderm form the mesoderm. Thus the transformation of the blastocyst into a gastrula with the primary germ layers by the movement of the blastomeres is called gastrulation.

Menstrual hygiene is vital for good health, well-being, dignity, empowerment, and productivity of women. The impact of poor menstrual hygiene on girls is increased stress levels, fear and embarrassment during menstruation. This can keep girls inactive during such periods leading to absenteeism from school.

(i) Sertoli cells are elongated and pyramidal cells.
(ii) They provide nourishment to sperm till maturation.
(iii) They secrete a hormone called inhibin which is involved in negative feedback control of sperm production.

The primary reproductive organs namely the ovary and testis are responsible for producing the ova and sperms respectively. Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and the gonads help in the development of the secondary sexual characteristics, maturation of the reproductive system and regulation of normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants

(a) Fungal STI - Candidiasis
(b) Bacterial STI - Gonorrhoea
(c) Protozoan STI - Trichomoniasis

(a) Juvenile phase - Period of growth between the birth of an individual and reproductive maturity.
(b) Reproductive phase - Period of growth when an organism attain reproductive maturity and produces new offsprings
(c) Senescent plane - Period of growth when the structure and functioning of the body starts degenerating

Incomplete parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction in which both sexual reproduction and parthenogenesis occur. Example: In honey bees, the fertilized eggs develop into a queen bee and worker bees, whereas the unfertilized eggs develop into drones (male).

Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over a generation due to chance (sampling error). Genetic drift occurs in all population sizes, but its effects are strong in a small population.

The techniques used to detect the foetal disorders during the early stages of pregnancy are:
(i) Ultrasound scanning
(ii) Amniocentesis
(iii) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
(iv) Foetoscope

Inability to conceive or produce children even after unprotected sexual cohabitation is called infertility.
Causes of infertility:
(i) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), uterine fibroids and endometriosis are the most common causes of infertility in women.
(ii) Low body fat or anorexia in women. i.e. a psychiatric eating disorder characterised by the fear of gaining weight.
(iii) Under developed ovaries or testes.

GIFT - Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer
(i) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube. In this the eggs are collected from the ovaries and placed with the sperms in one of the fallopian tubes.
(ii) The zygote travels toward the uterus and gets implanted in the inner lining of the uterus.

ZIFT - Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer. As in IVF, the zygote upto 8 blastomere stage is transferred to the fallopian tube by laparoscopy. The zygote continues its natural divisions and migrates towards the uterus where it gets implanted.

(a) Human foetus within the uterus
(b) 1 - Umbilical cord
2 - Fallopian tube
3 - Amniotic fluid

(a) 1 - Uterus 2 - Cervix 3 - Vagina
(b) The given diagram is identified as Female Reproductive system of Human

During the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, maximum secretion of leutinising hormone occurs during the mid cycle (about 14^th day) which is called LH surge and induces ovulation.

(i) FSH stimulates testicular growth and enhances the production of Androgen Binding protein (ABP) by the sertoli cells and helps in the process of spermiogenesis.
(ii) LH acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates the synthesis of testosterone which in turn stimulates the process of spermatogenesis.

(i) Longitudinal binary fission
(ii) Euglena

(i) In fragmentation, the parent body breaks into fragments (pieces) and each of the fragment has the potential to develop into a new individual.
(ii) Fragmentation or pedal laceration occurs in many genera of sea anemones.
(iii) Lobes are constricted off from the pedal disc and each of the lobe grows mesenteries and tentacles to form a new sea anemone.

(i)  In Ovoviviparous animals, the embryo develops inside the egg and remains in the mother's body until they are ready to hatch.
(ii) This method of reproduction is similar to Viviparity but the embryos have no placental connection with the mother and receive their nourishment from the egg yolk. Ovoviviparity is seen in fishes like shark.

(i) Pedigree is a "family tree", drawn with standard genetic symbols, showing the inheritance pathway for specific phenotypic characters.
(ii) Pedigree analysis is the study of traits as they have appeared in a given family line for several past generations.