Radioactive waste management involves the treatment, storage, and disposal of liquid, airborne, and solid effluents from the nuclear industry. Methods of disposal of radioactive wastes are:
1. Limit generation - Limiting the generation of waste is the first and most important consideration in managing radioactive wastes.
2. Dilute and disperse - For wastes having low radioactivity, dilution and dispersion are adopted.
3. Delay and decay - Delay and decay is frequently an important strategy because much of the radioactivity in nuclear reactors and accelerators is very short lived.
4. Concentrate and confine process - Concentrating and containing is the objective of treatment activities for longer-lived radioactivity. The waste is contained in corrosion resistant containers and transported to disposal sites. Leaching of heavy metals and radionuclides from these sites is a problem of growing concern.

1. May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
2. Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
3. Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
4. Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
5. Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution .
6. Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
7. Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
8. Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
9. Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
10. They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.
11. Beneficial insects and animals can be affected.

(i) Ozone is found in the layer of the atmosphere called the Stratosphere. It acts as a protective covering that absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
(ii) The ozone molecule (O₃) consists of three oxygen atoms. It is formed when atmospheric oxygen (O₂) on exposure to solar radiation breaks into two oxygen' atoms; each atom then joins up with a single oxygen atom.
(iii) The ozone molecule is unstable. It soon decays again to form molecular oxygen. This cycle is a continuous process in the upper reaches of the stratosphere.
Ozone layer depletion mainly occurs by anthropogenic actions.
The excessive release of chlorine and bromine from man-made compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) causes ozone layer depletion. CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methylbromide are found to have direct impact on the depletion of the ozone layer. These are categorized as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
Effects of Ozone layer depletion UV rays may penetrate deep into the skin and can lead to premature skin aging and wrinkling of skin; suppression of the immune system, skin cancer (melanoma) and chronic effects leading to eye damage. DNA damage can result from free radicals and reactive oxygen and photons can damage the DNA itself.
Control of Ozone depletion Ozone layer depletion can be controlled by
(a) Phase down or ban the use of CFCs (CFC free refrigerants).
(b) Minimizing the use of chemicals such as halons and halocarbons.
(c) Creating awareness about ozone depleting agents.

Chemicals which are used in agriculture for growth of plants and pest control are called agrochemicals or agrichemicals. Overuse of agrochemicals have been observed to generate residues that cause nutrient imbalance, and
(i) May kill beneficial bacteria and soil organisms.
(ii) Can cause eutrophication in water bodies.
(iii) Affect aquatic animals and their productivity.
(iv) Pesticide containing water, even in trace quantities is unfit for human consumption.
(v) Particles (aerosols) and residues of these chemicals cause air pollution.
(vi) Inhalation of contaminated air can cause respiratory problems.
(vii) Consumption can lead to poisoning, side effects and after effects.
(viii) Chemicals can cause skin rashes and irritation of eyes.
(ix) Many of these chemicals are reported to be carcinogenic.
(x) They can trigger hormonal disorders and neurotoxicity.
(xi) Beneficial insects and animals can be affected.

Certain measures help to remove pollutants, reduce their presence or prevent their entry into the atmosphere.
(i) Trees are the best remedy for urban particulate and gaseous pollution.
(ii) Forests act as carbon sinks and lungs of the planet.
(iii) Catalytic converters in vehicles help to reduce polluting gases drastically.
(iv) Diesel exhaust filters in automobiles cuts particulates
(v) Electrostatic precipitators reduce, release of industrial pollutants.
(vi) Cost effective air pollution treatment systems like indoor plants and high performance biofertilizers can improve indoor air quality.
(vii) Road traffic rationing, encourage public transport, carpooling.
(viii) Increase green cover alongside roads (planting avenue trees).
(ix) Promoting 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan'.
(x) Enactment and Enforcement of stricter environmental laws
(xi) Maintenance of air standards by proper enforcement and monitoring
(xii) Reducing carbon emissions
(xiii) Encourage use of renewable energy
(xiv) Limiting the sale of firecrackers and developing eco-friendly crackers
(xv) Make Environmental Impact Assessment mandatory
(xvi) Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air is at a given time.