The two most characteristic forms of behavioral adaptations are migration and courtship. Migration allows the animals to find better resources or evade threat. Courtship is a set of behavioral patterns to find a mate to reproduce. Most nocturnal animals remain underground or inactive during the daytime. This is a modification of their feeding and activity pattern or habit or behavior.

r-selected species k-selected species Smaller sized organisms Larger sized organisms Produce many offspring Produce few offspring Mature early Late maturity with extended parental care Short life expectancy Long life expectancy Each individual reproduces only once or a few times in their lifetime Can reproduce more than once in a lifetime Only a few reach adulthood Most individuals reach a maximum life span Unstable environment, density independent Stable environment, density-dependent

(i) These forests occur in eastern North America, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe.
(ii) Have well-defined seasons with a distinct winter. Moderate climate and a growing season of 140-200 days during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate forests.
(iii) Annual temperature varies from -30⁰ C to 30⁰ C.
(iv) Precipitation (750-1500 mm) is distributed evenly throughout the year.
(v) Soil is fertile, enriched with decaying litter.
(vi) Canopy is moderately dense and allows light to penetrate, resulting in well-developed and richly diversified under storey vegetation and stratification of animals.
(vii) Flora is characterized by 3-4 tree species per km2. Trees have broad leaves that are lost annually such as oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, and spring-flowering herbs.
(viii) Fauna consists of squirrels, rabbits, skunks, birds, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox, and black bear. Based on seasonal distribution of rainfall, the types of temperate forests are:
(ix) Moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved forests: wet winters and dry summers.
(x) Dry conifer forests: dominate higher elevation zones; low precipitation.
(xi) Mediterranean forests: precipitation is concentrated in winter (1000 mm /year).
(xii) Temperate coniferous forests: mild winters, high annual precipitation (> 2000 mm /year).
(xiii) Temperate broad-leaved rainforests: mild, frost-free winters, high precipitation (> 1500 mm/ year), evenly distributed throughout the year.

(i) Texture of soil - The texture of soil is determined by the size of the soil particles. The types of soil include sand, silt and clay on the basis of their size differences.
(ii) Porosity - The space present between soil particles in a given volume of soil are called pore spaces., The percentage of soil volume occupied by pore space or by the interstitial spaces is called porosity of the soil.
(iii) Permeability of soil - The characteristic of soil that determines the movement of water through pore spaces is known as soil permeability. Soil permeability is directly dependent on the pore size. Water holding capacity of the soil is inversely dependent on soil porosity.
(iv) Soil Temperature - Soil gets its heat energy from solar radiation, decomposing organic matter, and heat from the interior of earth. Soil temperature effects the germination of seeds, growth of roots and biological activity of soil-inhabiting micro and macro-organisms.
(v) Soil water - In soil, water is not only important as a solvent and transporting agent, but also maintains soil texture, arrangement and compactness of soil particles, making soil habitable for plants and animals impactness of soil particles, making soil habitable for plants and animals.

(i) Extremely cold climate
(ii) Low biotic diversity
(iii) Simple vegetation structure
(iv) Limitation of drainage
(v) Short season of growth and reproduction
(vi) Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material
(vii) Large population oscillations