(i) 3 - cyanobutanoic acid
(ii) 2 - methyl propanenitrile
(iii) phenyl carbylamine

When chlorobenzene is heated with alcoholic ammonia, aniline is obtained

Esters containing at least one ∝- hydrogen atom undergo self condensation in the presence of a strong base such as sodium ethoxide to form β-keto ester.

Pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid. Because it forms ice like crystal when cooled. When aqueous acetic acid is cooled at 289.5 K, acetic acid solidifies and forms ice like crystals, where as water remains in liquid state and removed by filtration. This process is repeated to obtain glacial acetic acid.

Benzaldehyde reduces Tollen's reagent, but does not reduce Fehling's solution. Because Ag⁺ is more easily reduced to Ag than Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺

(i) Ethanal (CH₃CHO) is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction than propanone (\({ CH }_{ 3 }-\underset { \overset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\)) because of steric and electronic reasons.
(ii) Greater the number of alkyl groups attached, less will be the reactivity of carbonyl compound towards nucleophilic addition.
(iii) Soethanal is more reactive than propanone.

In simple amines the lone pair of electrons is on nitrogen and hence available for protonation. In amides, on the other hand, the electron pair on nitrogen is delocalized to the carbonyl oxygen through resonance.

Benzene on reaction with a mixture of cone. HNO₃ and cone. H₂SO₄ produces nitro benzene as product which on further nitration will result in the formation of m-dinitrobenzene.

Detergents are more preferred since calcium ion forms scum with hard water.

The process of forming a very large, high molecular mass polymer from small structural units i.e., monomer is called polymerisation.

Primary and secondary nitroalkanes, having α-H , also show an equilibrium mixture of two tautomers namely nitro - and aci - form.

(i) In certain enzymes, the inhibitor molecule binds to a different binding site, which is commonly referred to as allosteric site, and causes a change in its active site geometry (shape).
(ii) As a result, the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme. This type of inhibitors are called allosteric inhibitors

When glucose reacts with concentrated hydroiodic acid in the presence of red phosphorous, complete reduction takes place and n-hexane is formed as a product.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 12 }{ O }_{ 6 }\overset { HI/P }{ \underset { reduction }{ \longrightarrow } } \underset { n-hexane }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 2 } } -{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 3 }\)

Glucose is known as dextrose because it occurs in nature as the optically active dextrorotatory isomer.

Sugar differing in configuration at an asymmetric centre is known as epimers.

(i) Colloidal solutions in which the dispersed phase has very little affinity for the dtspersion medium are termed as lyophobic (solvent hating) colloids.
(ii) Colloidal solutions of metals which have negligible affinity for solvents and sulphur in water are examples of this type.

(i) The colloidal solutions are intermediate between true solutions and suspensions.
(ii) When the diameter of the particles ranges from about 10 Å 2000 Å he system is termed a colloidal solution.

Sound waves of frequency more than 20kHz (audible limit) could cause transformation of course suspension to colloidal dimensions.

The metal is treated with strong oxidising agents such as concentrated HNO₃. As a result, protective oxide layer is formed on the surface of metal

Electrochemical equivalent is defined as the amount of substance deposited or liberated at the electrode by a charge of 1coulomb.

Conductivity, molar conductance and equivalent conductance increases with dilution whereas Conductance (C) decreases.

k = \(\frac{1}{R}.\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{ρ}\)
Where K is specific conductance
R is resistance and \(\frac1a\) is cell constant.
ρ is specific resistance.

(i) Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in automobile radiator.
(ii) Its dinitrate is used as an explosive with DNG.

Test to differentiate alcohol and phenols:
(i) Phenol react with benzene diazonium chloride to form a red orange dye, but ethanol has no reaction with it.
(ii) Phenol gives purple colouration with neutral ferric chloride solution, alcohols do not give such coloration with FeCI₃.
(iii) Phenol reacts with NaOH to give sodium phenoxide. Ethyl alcohol does not react with NaOH.

Ethanol react with ammonia in presence of heated alumina or thoria catalyst at 633 K to form mixture of amines.

pK_w = pH + pOH = 10^-12
For a neutral solution, pH = pOH
So pH = pOH = 6.

(i) According to Hume-Rothery rule to, form a substitute alloy the difference between the atomic radii of solvent and solute is less than 15%.
(ii) Both the solvent and solute must have the same crystal structure and valence and their electro negativity difference must be close to zero.

(i) Silver in its +1 oxidation state, exhibits 4d¹⁰5s⁰configuration.
(ii) But in some compounds, it also shows +2 oxidation state, so the configuration becomes 4d⁹5s⁰
(iii) Here, d-orbital is not completely filled. Therefore silver is a transition element.

The study of chemical kinetics helps us
(i) To determine the rate of a chemical reaction.
(ii) In optimizing the process conditions of industrial manufacturing processes.

(i) H₂O undergoes extensive H-bonding due to high electronegativity of O-atom and hence exist as an associated molecule.
(ii) Therefore H₂O is a liquid. On the other hand H₂O does not undergo H-bonding and hence exists as a discrete molecules and as a gas.

(i) Ozone acts as a powerful oxidizing agent because ozone liberates nascent oxygen very easily on decomposition.
\({ O }_{ 3 }\longrightarrow { O }_{ 2 }+\left[ O \right] \)
(ii) This nascent or atomic oxygen brings about the oxidations it is very reactive.

Element of group 15 have stable half-filled p-orbitals hence large amount of energy is required to remove electrons as compared to group 16, which has an incomplete p subshell.

NaCl is a crystalline solid so possess sharp melting points where as glass is amorphous in nature so does not have sharp melting point.

(i) When a solid is heated, vacancy defect can arise.
(ii) A solid crystal is said to have vacancy defect when some of the lattice sites are vacant
(iii) Vacancy defect leads to a decrease in the density of the solid

(i) Anhydrous AlCl₃ is an electro-deficient compound while hydrated AICl₃ is not.
(ii) Therefore, anhydrous AICl₃ is more soluble in diethyl either because the oxygen atom of ether donates a pair of electrons to the vacant p-orbital on the Al atom in AlCl₃ forming a co-ordinate bond.
(iii) In case of hydrated AlCl₃, Al is not electron deficient, since, H₂O has already donated a pair of e^- to it.

(i) Silicones or poly siloxanes are organo silicon polymers with general empirical formula (R₂SiO).
(ii) These silicones may be linear or cross linked. Because of their very high thermal stability they are called high - temperature polymers.

When carbon monoxide is treated with chlorine in presence of light or charcoal, it forms a poisonous gas carbonyl chloride, which is also known as phosgene.
CO + Cl₂ ⟶ COCl₂

(i) Boranes are colourless diamagnetic compounds with low thermal stability.
(ii) Diborane is a gas at room temperature with sweet smell and it is extremely toxic.
(iii) It is also highly reactive At high temperatures it forms higher boranes liberating hydrogen.

This is because the last electron enters into the (n-2) f-subshell.

[Rn]⁸⁸ 5⁺¹⁴ 6d⁰7S²

(i) Hydraulic washing or gravity separation
(ii) Froth flotation
(iii) Electromagnetic separation
(iv ) Chemical method.

Octahedral complex of the type [MA₃B₃]^n± also shows geometrical isomerism. If the three similar ligands (A) are present in the corners of one triangular face of the octahedron and the other three ligands (B) are present in the opposing triangular face, then the isomer is referred as a facial isomer (fac isomer).

Isomers that arises in the coordination compounds having both the cation and anion as complex ions. The interchange of one or more ligands between the cationic and the anionic coordination entities result in different isomers.
(i) [Cr(NH₃)₅CN] [Co(NH₃) (CN)₅] and [Co(NH₃)₅CN] [Cr(NH₃)( CN)₅]
(ii) [Pt(NH₃)₄] [Pd(CI)₄] and [Pd(NH₃)₄] [Pt(Cl)₄]

Sodium cyanide and sodium carbonate.

Sulphide ores are generally roasted in reverberatory furnace in free supply of air below its melting point. Ore changes to oxide with larger surface area and volatile impurities are removed.
\(2ZnS+{ 3O }_{ 2 }\overset { \Delta }{ \longrightarrow } 2ZnO+{ 2SO }_{ 2 }\)
\(2PbS+{ 3O }_{ 2 }\overset { \Delta }{ \longrightarrow } pbO+{ 2SO }_{ 2 }\)

Gravity separation, froth flotation, leaching, magnetic separation

Coordination isomerism.

Hexaqua Nickel Chloride