In a colloidal, the substance present in larger I amount is called dispersion medium and the substance present in less amount is called dispersed phase.

The ratio \((\frac{l}{A})\) is called the cell constant.

When an acid reacts with a base, a salt and water are formed and the reaction is called neutralization.

The order of the reaction is zero.

Element of group 15 have stable half-filled p-orbitals hence large amount of energy is required to remove electrons as compared to group 16, which has an incomplete p subshell.

(i) When a solid is heated, vacancy defect can arise.
(ii) A solid crystal is said to have vacancy defect when some of the lattice sites are vacant
(iii) Vacancy defect leads to a decrease in the density of the solid

(i) Boranes are colourless diamagnetic compounds with low thermal stability.
(ii) Diborane is a gas at room temperature with sweet smell and it is extremely toxic.
(iii) It is also highly reactive At high temperatures it forms higher boranes liberating hydrogen.

This is because the last electron enters into the (n-2) f-subshell.

The preliminary step in metallurgical process is removal of the impurities. This removal process is known as concentration of ore.

Sodium tetrafluoridodihydroxychromate (III) Na[CrF₄(H₂O)₂]