To get para product, the - NH₂ group is protected by acetylation with acetic anhydride. Then, the nitrated product is hydrolysed to form the product.

(i) Formic acid (HCOOH) is unique because it contains both an aldehyde group and carboxyl group also.
(ii) Hence it can act as a reducing agent. It reduces Fehling's solution Tollen's reagent and decolourises pink coloured KMnO₄ solution.
(iii) Whereas in acetic acid, there is no aldehyde group and it cannot act as reducing agent.
(iv) Formic acid reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollen's reagent) to metallic silver
HCOOH + Ag₂O⟶ H₂O + CO₂ + 2Ag↓ (metallic silver)
(v) Formic acid reduces Fehling's solution. It reduces blue coloured cupric ions to red coloured cuprous ions.
\(HCOO^{ - }+\underset { (blue) }{ 2{ Cu }^{ 2+ } } +5{ OH }^{ - }\longrightarrow { CO }_{ 3 }^{ 2- }+\underset { (red) }{ { Cu }_{ 2 }O } +3{ H }_{ 2 }O\)

The free radical polymeristion of the monomer, 2-c Woro buta -1,3-diene( chloroprene) gives neoprene.

It is superior to rubber and resistant to chemical action.
Uses: It is used in the manufacture of chemical containers, conveyer belts

On hydrolysis, sucrose yields equal amount of glucose and fructose units.
\(Sucrose\overset { Invertase }{ \longrightarrow } Glucose+Frutose\)
Sucrose (+66.6°) and glucose (+52.5^o) are dextrorotatory compounds while fructose is levo rotatory (-92.4°). During hydrolysis of sucrose, the optical rotation of the reaction mixture changes from dextro to levo. Hence, sucrose is called as invert sugar.

When glycerol is treated with a well cooled mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and fuming nitric acid, nitroglycerine is formed.

(i) A substance which destroys the activity of the catalyst is called a poison and the process IS called catalytic poisoning. Some of the examples are
(ii) Eg. The platinum catalyst used in the oxidation : of SO₂ in contact process is poisoned by : arsenious oxide.
\({ 2SO }_{ 2 }+{ O }_{ 2 }\overset { Pt }{ \underset { Poissoned }{ \leftrightharpoons } } { 2SO }_{ 3 }\) 

(i) In the complete cell diagram, the two half cells are separated by a double vertical line (salt bridge) in between.
(ii) The zinc-copper cell can now be written as 

Henderson equation is an equation which is used to determine the pH of an acid buffer with the help of the dissociation constant K_a of the weak acid and concentration of the acid and the salt used.
\(\boxed { pH={ pK }_{ a }+\log\frac { [salt] }{ [acid] } }\)
For a basic buffer \(pH={ pK }_{ b }+\log\frac { [salt] }{ [base] } \)

(i) The rate constant is nearly doubled with a rise in temperature by 10^oC for a chemical reaction.
(ii) The temperature effect on the rate constant can be represented quantitatively by Arrhenius equation.
\(k=A{ e }^{ \frac { -{ E }_{ a } }{ RT } }\)

The fundamental equation that gives a simple relation between the wavelength of the X-rays, the interplanar distance in the crystal and the angle of reflection is known as Bragg's equation.
nλ = 2dsinθ
Where n is the order of reflection
λ is the wavelength of X-rays
d is the interplanar distance in the crystal
θ is the angle of reflection