Only an individual who is a member of the institute of company secretaries of India can be appointment as a company secretary.
(i) By the Promoters: The first secretary of a company is appointed by the promoters at the pre-incorporation stage and such name is mentioned in the Articles of Association.
(ii) By the First Board of Directors: After the company has been registered, the first board of directors appoints the secretary at the first board meeting. The board of directors can continue the existing secretary appointed by promoters or can appoint a new company secretary.

The main objectives of Company Law 1956 are:
(i) To sustain the trust and faith of Shareholders
(ii) To protect and preserve the rights of Shareholders
(iii) To have drastic control over all the activities of the company
(iv) To make regulation of an effective Annual Meeting,
(v) The investment of the general public should be used for the development of society or social welfare activities.

(i) Statutory License: Entrepreneur has to obtain Municipal License from the authority. concerned. Then the Entrepreneur has to register the unit with the Central and Sales Tax Department.
(ii) Power Connection: Entrepreneur has to make application to Assistant Divisional Engineer of State Electricity Board for power connection after paying Security Deposit and fulfilling the official formalities prescribed.

(i) Technical Entrepreneur:
(a) Technical entrepreneurs are such of those craftsmen like a welder, fitter, moulder, draughtsman, turner, carpenter, goldsmith, tailor, photographer, repairer, weaver, sculptor, potter, wiremen or so on who start small ventures.
(b) This type of entrepreneur demonstrates their creative talents by . producing innovative products.
(ii) Non-technical Entrepreneur:
Non-technical Entrepreneurs are those who do not possess any technical competence to produce the goods or service but have special talents to market the products successfully or expertise to distribute the products produced by technical entrepreneur effectively to channel members and end consumers.
(iii) Professional Entrepreneur:
(a) A professional entrepreneur is one who is having rich expertise in starting a venture but lack interest in, continuing the venture as a manager or as an owner.
(b) They keep on conceiving new ideas to develop alternative projects.

A consortium of Women Entrepreneur of India (CWEI) are rendering the following functions:
(i) They are acting as a springboard for enterprises started by the women.
(ii) It is helping women achieve high economic empowerment.
(iii) It is acting as a catalyst to improve the access of womenfolk to natural resources.
(iv) It is providing technological support in the sphere of product design and development in the case of women-owned enterprises.
(v) It is providing quality control, marketing and technological supports to women-owned enterprises.
(vi) It is spreading knowledge to women entrepreneurs about various government schemes.

(i) Here the paying banker should make payment only to the particular banker named as a part of special crossing or to his agent for collection.
(ii) Thus special crossing is safer than general crossing.

(i) There are 24 stock exchange in the country, with 21 of them being regional in nature.
(ii) Three others that have been set up in the reforms era, viz., National Stock Exchange (NSE), the Over the Counter Exchange of India Limited (OTCEI) and Interconnected Stock Exchange of India Limited (ISE) have mandate to nationwide trading network.
(iii) The ISE has been promoted by 15 regional stock exchanges in the country and is based at Mumbai.
(iv) The ISE provides a member-broker of any of these stock exchanges an access into the national market segment.
(v) The NSE, OTCEI, ISE and majority of the regional stock exchanges have adopted the Screen Based Trading System (SBTS) to provide automated and modern facilities for trading in a transparent, fair and open manner with access to investors across the country.

Gilt-Edged Market also known as Government Securities market is the market for Government and semi-Government securities.
An important feature of the securities traded in this market. That they are stable in value and are much sought after by banks.
(i) Guaranteed return on investments
(ii) No speculation in securities
(iii) Institutional based investors which are compelled by law to invest a portion of their funds in these securities.
(iv) Predominated by such institutions as LIC, GIC, PFs and the commercial banks.

(i) A condition is a stipulation which is essential to the main purpose of the contract. It is core to the contract.
(ii) The non-fulfillment of the condition cancels the very contract.
(iii) E.g. 'A' intends to buy a motorbike from 'B. 'A' insists that the bike should give him a mileage of 50 km per litter.
(iv) He prefers to have a red color bike. 'B' a mechanic gets a bike which gives him 55 kms per litter.
(v) But the color is green. In this case, 'A' cannot cancel the contract.
(vi) Since 'A'. is very particular about the mileage, it is a condition to the contract.
(vii) That part of the contract is fulfilled by 'B'. However, 'A' can ask the mechanic 'B' to bear the cost of repainting it with red color.

A well-developed money market serves the following objectives :
(i) Providing an equilibrium mechanism for ironing out short-term surplus and deficits.
(ii) Providing a focal point for central bank intervention for influencing liquidity in the company.
(iii) Providing access in uses to users of short term money to meet their requirements at a reasonable price.

Financial assets can be classified differently under different circumstances. One such classification is :
(i) Marketable assets
(ii) Non-marketable assets
(I) Marketable Assets:
(a) Marketable assets are those which can be easily transferred from one person to another without much hindrance:
(b) Example: Shares of Listed companies, Government securities, Bonds of Public sector undertakings etc.
(ii) Non marketable Assets:
(a) If the assets cannot be transferred easily, they come under this category.
(b) Example: Bank deposits, Provident funds, Pension funds, National savings Certificates, Insurance policies etc.

Disadvantages:
(i) Lack of welfare: Majority of private companies whose main motive is profitmaking, do not indulge in public interest or welfare services like free education to poor, free medical treatment, etc.
(ii) Political pressure: When private companies fail to deliver, the public has no powers to intervene and government does not always have time or expertise to force them to keep their promises.
(iii) Ignores the weaker sections: Privatisation often goes hand in hand with encouraging richer people to pay more and opt for best quality services.

(i) Yes, as selection is choosing from among the candidates the ones, who best meet a position's requirements and eliminating the ones who are not suitable.
(ii) To achieve this target, candidates are required to take a series of tests and interviews in different stages.
(iii) At each stage, many candidates are eliminated and only a few candidates move to the next stage.
(iv) The process of elimination continues till the right ones are finalised .
(v) The above scenario clearly establishes the fact that selection is the process, through which unsuitable candidates are rejected and suitable ones are chosen.
(vi) Therefore, it is regarded as negative process.

There are 3 taxes applicable under this system.
(i) CGST : Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening in TamilNadu)
(ii) SGST Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale (Eg : transaction happening within TamilNadu)
(iii) IGST : Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sale (Eg : Punjab to Tamil Nadu)

The two terms 'management' and 'administration' are used inter changeably.
(i) While management is more executive in nature. But the concept of administration denotes the art of decision - making.
(ii) Management is all about plans, actions, but the administration is concerned with framing policies and setting objectives.
(iii) The manager looks after the management of the organisation, whereas administration is responsible for the administration of the organisation.

(i) The substance of management should be identified as a process
(ii) A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
(iii) A process also implies on going and unceasing cyclical operations.
(iv) In management, we have planning - action - control cycle.
(v) A process indicates the dynamic nature of management.
(iv) It also implies that change is a constant reality of organisational life and management is the management of change.

(i) A consumer as defined under Consumer Protection Act, 1986
(ii) A registered Voluntary Consumer Association
(iii) Central Government
(iv) State Government / Union Territory
(v) One or more consumer representing numerous consumers having the same interest

(i) Money market: It is a type of market where short term securities are exchanged. It provides short term and very short term finance to industries, banks, governments agencies and financial intermediates.
(ii) Foreign exchange market: It is an international market. This type of markets helps exporters and importers, in converting their currencies into foreign currencies and vice versa.
(iii) Stock market: This is a market where sales and purchases of shares, debentures, bonds etc. It is also known as securities market.

1) Committee assignment method:
(I) When employees are assigned to committee to address a particular issue, they are able to work closely with other members and committee leader.
(ii) They gain more knowledge by observing and participating in decision making process.
(2) Internship Training method:
(i) A superior gives training to a subordinates or understudy like an assistant to a manager or director.
(ii) Basic purpose of internship training is to prepare subordinate for assuming the full responsibilities and duties

The following basic structure of functioning is recommended:
(i) Monthly meetings and demonstrations for one hour after school hours on the First Thursday of each month. Each month a topic/activity may be scheduled as in the model calendar.
(ii) Days of National and International importance to consumers may be celebrated in the School/College. Poster/ Speech / Essay competitions can be organised at school level by the Consumer Club to sensitise the students on the importance of the day.
(iii) Field visits to local markets / Consumer Courts and door to door campaign in the local community etc., may be organized for at least 4 days in a year. It can be done on Saturdays with prior arrangement.
(iv) Minutes of each activity have to be recorded by the Student and Teacher Co-ordinator jointly as properly document.

(i) Rural marketing is a process of developing pricing, promoting and distributing rural specific goods and services leading to derived exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants.
(ii) Rural marketing is now a two-way marketing process. There is inflow of products into rural markets for production or consumption and there is also outflow of products to urban areas.
(iii) The urban to rural flow consists of agricultural inputs, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) such as soaps, detergents, cosmetics, textiles, and so on.
(iv) The rural to urban flow consists of agricultural produce such as rice, wheat, sugar, and cotton.
(v) There is also a movement of rural products within rural areas for consumption

(i) Application Blank : Most of public sector undertaking, various ministries of Government, Selection Commissions, Recruitment Board and Private Sector Companies either supply pre-printed application form or direct the candidates to download the forms uploaded in their respective websites.
(ii) Scrutinizing the Applications: Selection committee has to evolve some criteria like age, length of experience, level of education, percentage of marks, higher qualification, level of exposure, communal quotos, proficiency etc., to shortlist the number of applicants for the interview.
(iii) Selection Test: Several tests are conducted in the selection process to ensure whether the candidate possesses the necessary qualification to fit into various positions in the organization

Management by objectives is intended primarily
(i) To measure and judge performance
(ii) To relate individual performance to organisational goals.
(ii) To clarify both the job to be done and the expectations of accomplishment.
(iii) To foster the increasing competence and growth of the subordinate.
(v) To serve as a basis for judgements about salary and promotion.
(vi) To stimulate the subordinates motivation
(vii) To serve as a device for organisational control and integration.