The main objectives of Company Law 1956 are:
(i) To sustain the trust and faith of Shareholders
(ii) To protect and preserve the rights of Shareholders
(iii) To have drastic control over all the activities of the company
(iv) To make regulation of an effective Annual Meeting,
(v) The investment of the general public should be used for the development of society or social welfare activities.

The recent methods of recruiting by organisations include the following methods:
(i) Outsourcing: There are outsourcing firms that help in the process of recruiting through screening of applications and finding the right person for the job for which job they are paid service charges.
(ii) Poaching: Organisations instead of training and developing their own employees, hire employees of other competitive companies by paying them more both financial and non-financial benefits. It is called raiding.

(i) A consumer as defined under Consumer Protection Act, 1986
(ii) A registered Voluntary Consumer Association
(iii) Central Government
(iv) State Government / Union Territory
(v) One or more consumer representing numerous consumers having the same interest

(i) A business in order to remain successful and competitive has to adapt to the constantly changing environment.
(ii) The formulation of strategic decisions, policies and programs requires an understanding of the environmental factors impacting the business.
(iii) Therefore scanning of the environment for identifying threats and opportunities is essential for any business.

(i) Instigator : As an instigator, marketer keenly watches the developments taking place in the market and identifies marketing opportunities emerging in the ever changing market. In such a case, marketer plays an instigator and leads the business towards new directions.
(ii) Innovator : Marketer seeks to distinguish his products/services byadding additional features to the existing product. He also does modifying the price structure, introducing new delivery pattern, creating new business models etc.
(iii) Integrator :Marketer playsa role ofintegrator in the sense that he collects feedback or vital inputs from channel members and consumers and provides products/service solutions to customers/consumers by co-ordinating multiple functions of organisation.

(i) Structured interview method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre-prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
(ii) Ultimately interviewees are ranked on the basis of score earned by the candidate in the interview.
(iii) It is otherwise called as Guided interview and Planned interview.

(i) We need to submit proof of identity and address along with a passport size photograph and the account opening form. Only photocopies ofthe documents are required for submission, and originals are also required for verification.
(ii) The Proof of identity may be, PAN card, voter's ID, passport, driver's license, bank attestation, IT returns, electricity bill, telephone bill, ID cards with applicant's photo issued by the central or state government and its departments, etc.
(iii) The Proof of address may be Ration card, passport, Voter's ID card, bank passbook or bank statement, verified copies of electricity bills, residence telephone bills, lease and license agreement or agreement for sale, etc.

National stock market system was advocated by the Higher powered group on the establishment of New stock Exchanges headed by Shri. M.J. Pherwani (popularly known as pherwani committee).
At present the National stock Market in India comprises the following:
(i) National Stock Exchanges of India Limited (NSE)
(ii) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
(iii) National clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
(iv) Securities Trading Corporation of India. (STCI)

(i) Under the scriplesss trading system, settlement of transactions relating to securities takes place through a book entry.
(ii) The entire scripless trading system comprises the following three segments.
(iii) National Trade Comparison and Reporting System, which prescribes the terms and conditions of contract for the securities market.
(iv) National Clearing System which aims at determining the net cash and stock liability of each broker on a settlement date.
(v) National Depository System, which arranges to provide for the transfer of ownership of securities in exchange on payment by book entry on electronic ledgers without any physical movement of transfer deed.

Is Management a Science:
(i) Management is an in exact science, because in pure science, the principles are put into test in a laboratory and they are either proved or disproved exactly and precisely.
(ii) Similarly the management principles can be put to test in an organization where men, machine, money, and materials (4 Ms) are practically integrated towards achieving some chosen organizational goals.
(iii) These principles cannot be exactly proved or disproved either as they tend to be flexible to changing environment, policies and practical difficulties while synchronizing them together.
(iv) Everyone believes that management is an art. No, it is not an art in Toto. Because, the concept of art denotes the learning of skills and practicing them in day to day life.
(v) To conclude, Management is neither a science nor an art, but a combination of both requiring people holding managerial positions.

A Company secretary is a high-level officer. He enjoys certain rights and power as per the contract made with the company, which are as follows:
(i) Supervision and Control: As a head of the office, a company secretary has the rights to supervise, direct and control all office activities of subordinate offices.
(ii) Singing authority: Being a principal officer, a company secretary can sign. contracts, proceedings of the company meeting, files and documents on behalf of the company.
(iii) Exercising power: He has the right to exercise powers as granted by a board of directors.
(iv) Issuing testimonial: A company secretary can issue testimonials to employees on behalf of the company.
(v) Claiming salary and damages: As per the contract, he has the right to claim his salary and other allowances. He can also take legal action against the company if there is any breach of contract.
(vi) Preferential creditor: During winding up of a company, the company secretary can claim his legal dues on a preferential basis.
(vii) Attending a meeting: He has the right to be physically present in the meetings of the shareholders and board of directors.

1. It increases chances new talents and skills.
2. It would create a healthy competition among the employees.
3. The new employees wotild be existing employee of some other organisation. It will be in ideas of other industries.
4. It would avoid the problem between the existing employees.
5. This increased chance provides better availability of skilled and qualified employee.
6. One common things they look for is a well experienced and qualified candidate.
7. The recruitment is done in a fair manner equally for all candidates where internal politics are avoided

Managerial Functions
(i) Planning: Under planning, the entrepreneur has to lay down the objectives, goals, vision, mission, policies, procedures, programs, budget, schedules, etc., for enabling the venture to proceed towards established destinations.
(ii) Organizing: Entrepreneur puts in place suitable organizational structure to perform various managerial functions namely choosing the type of organization, creating department, fitting the human resources to appropriate organization slots, defining and delegating authority, distributing responsibility and creating accountability for the efficient performance of activities.
(iii) Directing: The process of directing involves issuing orders and instructions, guiding, counseling and mentoring of employees, supervising employees, maintaining discipline, motivating employees and providing leadership.
(iv) Controlling: The various steps involved in control function includes fixing performance standards, measuring the actual performance, comparing actual performance with standards, finding out causes for deviation if any, undertaking corrective measures to bring actual performance to standards set.
(v) Coordination: Entrepreneur has to evolve a mechanism to pull together the diverse functions performed by various departments or teams and direct them towards the established goals of the organization for accomplishment.

(i) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL):
(a) The Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd (SHCIL) is committed to speed up trading, clearance and settlement services for securities and monetary instruments.
(b) SHCIL is the first depository participant registered with SEBI and acts as an agent of the National Securities Depository.
(ii) National Clearance and Depository system (NCDS):
(a) This system was created chiefly to help overcome the problem of settlement and clearance of transactions consequent to enormous workload on the clearing agencies and share transfer agencies.
(b) The problems mainly arose out of systematic risk like counter party risk, credit risk, bad deliveries, long delayed delivery, counterfeit scrips, and forged scrips.
(iii) Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI):
(a) The main objective of establishing the Corporation was to foster the development of an active secondary market for Government securities and bonds issued by public sector undertakings.
(b) It had an authorized and paid-up capital of Rs. 500 crores of which, RBI contributed 50.18 percent.
(iv) National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL):
(a) National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) was inaugurated as the first depository in India on November 8, 1996.
(b) Trading in dematerialized securities on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) commenced in December 26,1996.

The process of MBO is explained below:
(i) Defining Organisational Objectives: Initially, organisational objectives are framed by the top level employees of an organisation. The definition of organisational objectives states why the business is started and exists.
(ii) Goals of Each Section : Objectives for each section, department or division are framed on the basis of overall objectives of the organisation. Goals or objectives are expressed in a meaningful manner.
(iii) Fixing Key Result Areas: Key result areas are fixed on the basis of organisational objectives premises. Key Result Areas (KRA) are arranged on a priority basis. KRA indicates the strength of an organisation.
(iv) Setting Subordinate Objectives or Targets : The objectives of each subordinate or individual are fixed. It is preferable to fix the objectives at lower level in quantitative units. There should be a free and frank discussion between the superior and his subordinates.
(v) Matching Resources with Objective : The objectives are framed on the basis of availability of resources. If certain resources (technical personnel or scarce raw material) are not adequately available, the objectives of an organisation are changes accordingly.
(vi) Periodical Review Meetings: The superior and, subordinates should hold meetings periodically in which they discuss the progress in the accomplishment of objectives.
(vii) Appraisal of Activities: At the end of the fixed period for achieving the objectives, there should be a discussion between the superior and subordinates.

(i) Lecture Method : Under this method trainees are educated about concepts, theories, principles and application of knowledge in any particular area. Trainer are generally drawn from Colleges, Universities, Consultancies, Institutions, Manufacturing concerns, Union, etc.
(ii) Group discussion method : Group of people participate and discuss particular subject or one topic. Under this method participants are divided into various groups. They were provided a particular issue for deliberation.
(iii) Case Study Method : Trainees are described a situations which stimulate their interest to find solution. They have to use their theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge to find solution to the problem presented
(iv) Role Play Method: Under this method trainees are explained the situation and assigned roles. They have to act out the roles assigned without any rehearsal. There is no pre-prepared dialogues.
(v) Field Trip Method : A held trip or field work or training in the field is a journey undertake by a group of employees trainees to a place away from their actual work site. This method helps the trainees to strengthen their theoretical knowledge obtained in a class room environment by practical exposure.

Advantage of E-Marketing :
(i) Any Time market: E - Marketing provides 24 hours and 7 days "24/7" service to its users. So consumer can shop or order the product anytime from anywhere.
(ii) Direct contact of end consumer by the manufacturers cuts down the substantially intermediation cost. Thus products bought through e-marketing become cheaper.
(iii) Customer can buy whatever they want/ need just by browsing the various sites.
Disadvantages of E-Marketing :
(i) E-Marketing a strong Online advertising campaign need for which company have to spend large amount for website design, software, hardware, maintenance of business site, Online distribution costs.
(ii) It is not suitable for small size business and also deters customers from buying who lives on long distances.
(iii) While the number of customers is continuously growing, companies hardly update the information on website.
(iv) Many buyers are suspicious about the security of the Internet. As a result, many visitors of business web sites do not like to use their credit card to make a purchase. So, there is a fear of their cards being misused by fraudulent practitioners.

The various steps involved in starting a venture have been highlighted.
(i) Selection of the product:
An entrepreneur may select a product according to his aspiration, capacity, and motivation after a thorough scrunity of the micro and macro environment of business.
(ii) Selection of form ownership: 
Entrepreneur has to choose the form of organization suitable and appropriate for his venture namely family ownership, partnership, and private limited company.
(iii) Selection of Site:
(i) Entrepreneur has to choose suitable plot for accommodating his venture.
(ii) Entrepreneur may buy private land and develop it for industrial use.While choosing the site, consider Nearness to native place, Incentives provided by theGovernment, Nearness to market, Infrastructure Facilities.
For example Nearness to native place, Incentives provided by the Government, Near to market.
(iv) Designing Capital Structure:
Entrepreneur has to determine the souce of fhnance for funding the venture, He/she may mobiline funds from his own savings, lons from friends and relatives, term loans from banks and financial institutions.
(v) Acquisition of Manufacturing know-how: 
Entrepreneur can acquire manufacturing know-how from Government research laboratories, research and development divisions of industries, and individual consultants.
(vi) Preparation of project report:
Project reports nreds to be prepared accoring to the form t prescribed in the loan application from of term lending instítutions,An entrepreneur can get the report prepared either by technical consultancy oryanisation or by auditors or by consultants or by developrneht agencies.

(i) Preliminary Interview:
This interview is conducted to know the general suitability ofthe candidates who have applied for the job.
(ii) Structure/Guided/Planned Interview :
Under this method, a series of question to be asked by the interviewer are pre prepared by the interviewer and only these questions are asked in the interview.
(iii) Unstructured Interview : This is quite contrary to structured interview. Ihere is no pre-prepared questions. appreciation test (iv) Attitude test
(iv) In depth Interview : This interview is conducted to test the level of knowledge of the interviewee in a particular field intensively and extensively.
(v)Panel Interview :
Where a group of people interview the candidate, it is called panel interview. All panel members ask different types of questions on general areas of specialisation of the candidate.

The operating functions of HRM are as follows:
(i) Procurement:
Acquisition deals with job analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, transfer and promotion.
(ii) Development:
Development includes performance appraisal, training, executive development, career planning and development, organisational development.
(iii) Compensation :
It deals with job evaluation, wage and salary administration, incentives, bonus, fringe benefits and social security schemes.
(iv) Retention:
This is made possible through health and safety, welfare, social security, job satisfaction and quality of work life.
(v) Integration:
It is concerned with those activities that aim to bring about reconciliation between personal interest and organisational interest.
(vi) Maintenance:
This encourages employees to work with job satisfaction, reducing labour turnover, accounting for human resource and carrying out audit and research.

The functions of SEBI are as follows:
(i) Safeguarding the interests of investors by means of adequate education and guidance.
(ii) Regulating and controlling the business on stock markets.
(iii) Conduct inspection and inquiries of stock exchanges, intermediaries and self-regulating organisations and to take appropriate measures wherever required.
(iv) Barring insider trading in securities.
(v) Prohibiting deceptive and unfair methods used by financial intermediaries operating in securities markets.
(vi) SEBI Issues Guidelines and instructions to businesses concerning capital issues.

(i) Short-term Funds:
It is a market purely for short-term funds or financial assets called near money.
(ii) Maturity Period:
It deals with financial assets having a maturity period upto one year only.
(iii) Conversion of Cash :
It deals with only those assets which can be converted into cash readily without loss and with minimum transaction cost.
(iv) No Formal Place:
Generally, transactions take place through phone i.e., oral communication.Relevant documents and written communications can be exchanged subsequently.
(v) Sub-markets :
It is not a single homogeneous market. It comprises of several sub-markets each specialising in a particular type of financing. 
(vi) Role of Market :
The components of a money market are the Central Banks, Commercial Banks, Non-Banking Financial Companies,Discount Houses and Acceptance House.Commercial banks generally plays a dominant role in this market.
 

Functions of management can be classified into two categories.
A. Main functions; and
B. Subsidiary functions.
A. Main functions:
(i) Planning:
(a) Planning is the primary function of management.
(b) Nothing can be performed without planning.
(c) E.g. Writing a book starts with planning.
(ii) Organising:
(a) Organising is the process of establishing harmonious relationship among the members of an organisation.
(b) Organsing function work is assigned to employees who are given authority to carry out the work assigned and made accountable for it.
(iii) Staffing:
(a) Staffing function comprises the activities of selection and placement of competent personnel.
(b) Staffing refers to placement of right persons in the right jobs.
(iv) Directing:
(a) Directing denotes motivating, leading, guiding and communicating with subordinates.
(b) Employees are kept informed of all necessary matters by circulars, instructions man uals, newsletters, notice-boards, meeting, participative mechanism, etc.
B. Subsidiary functions:
(i) Innovation:
(a) Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world.
(b) Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, new design of a product and cost reduction.
(ii) Representation:
(a) A manager has to act as representative of a company.
(b) Manager has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks, financial institutions, trade unions, etc.
(c) It is the duty of every manager to have good relation with others.
(iii) Decision-making:
(a) Everyemployee of an organisation has to take a number of decisions everyday.
(b) Decision - making helps in the smooth functioning of an organisation.
(iv) Communication:
(a) Communication is the transmission of human thoughts, views or opinions from one person to another person.
(v) Workers are informed about what should be done, where it is to be done, how it is to be done and when it is to be done.

The person one who takes an active interest in the well being of a company and one of the Members of Board of Directors is called as Director of a company. A Director is a person from a Board of Director who leads or supervises the functioning of a company.

Entrepreneur requires two types of finance namely long term and short term. While long-term requirements are needed for acquiring fixed assets, short-term requirement are meant for meeting working capital needs. Entrepreneur has to bring in promoters contribution (seed capital) prescribed by financing agencies.

The issuers of certificate of deposits are Commercial banks, Financial Institutions, etc.

Initially, organisational objectives are framed by the top level employees of an organisation. Then it moves downwards

1. The substance of management should be identified as a process.
2. A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
3. A process also implies ongoing and unleasing cyclical operations

Under section 2(1)d "Consumer means any person who buys any goods or avails services for personal use, for a consideration".

(i) Placement is a process of assigning a specific job to each and every candidate selected.
(ii) Placement signifies placing the rights person on the right job in a good manner.
(iii) The term placement includes initial assignment of new employees and promotion, transfer or demotion of precent employees.

Universally relevant :
Human Resource Management has universal relevance.
Goal Oriented :
The accomplishment of organizational goals is made possible through best utilization of human resource is an organization.

(i) A commodity exchange is an exchange whdre commodities are traded.
(ii) Tradable commodities fall into the following categories.
a) Metals (e.g.gold, silver, copper)
b) Energy (e.g. crude oil, natural gas)
c) Agricultural (e.g. rice, wheat, cocoa)
d) Live stock and meat (e.g. Iive cattle, Iean hog)

Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt Instrument (i.e. Government Bonds or Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds).