As per the Companies Act, 2013 for taking any decision or executing any transaction, the consent of the shareholders, the Board of directors and other specified is required. The decisions taken at a meeting are called resolutions.

A Managing Director is one who is employed by the company and has substantial powers of management over the affairs of the company subject to superintendence, direction and control of the board.

Following companies are required to appoint KMP.
(i) Every listed company.
(ii) Every public company (Having paid up share capital of ₹ 10 crore or more).

 

Right shares are the shares which are issued by the company, with the aim of increasing the subscribed share capital of the company by further issue, if it is authorized by its Articles."The right shares are primarily issued to the existing equity shareholders through a letter of an issue, on pro rata basis.

The term 'preference shares' means that part of the share capital the holders of which have a preferential right over payment of dividend (fixed amount or rate) and repayment of share capital in the event of winding up of the company.

The person who envisages the idea is called a 'promoter'.

(i) Longterm finance 
(ii) Shortterm finance 

1. New Entrepreneur Enterprise development scheme (NEEDS)
2. Interest subsidy scheme.
3. Generator subsidy.

Agricultural entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who raise farm products and market them.

Business Entrepreneur is also called Solo Entrepreneur.

(i) Problem of finance
(ii) Limited mobility
(iii) Lack of Education
(iv) Lack of Network support

(i) Discovery of idea
(ii) Determining the business objectives
(iii) Detailed investigation
(iv) Choice of form of enterprise

(i) Spirit of Enterprise,
(ii) Self confidence,
(iii) Flexibility,
(iv) Innovation.

According to section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 defines a cheque as "a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand"
 

According to section 5 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, "a bill of exchange is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument''.

(i) Contingent goods are the goods, the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency.
(ii) Contingent goods are a part of future goods.

Following essential elements are necessary for a contract of sale.
(i) Two parties
(ii) Transfer of property
(iii) Goods
(iv) Price
(v) Includes both 'Sale' and 'Agreement to sell'

(i) Bharat Aluminimum Co. Ltd., (BALCO)
(ii) Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL)
(iii) Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd (IPCL)
(iv) Maruthi Udyog Ltd (MUL)
(v) Modern Food Industries Ltd (MFIL)

Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, agency or publicservice from the government to the private sector.

V- Volatility ,     U-Uncertainly
C-Complexity,  A - Ambiguity

1. Corporate governance is a set of rules and policies which governs a company.
2. It provides a frame work for managing a company and achieving its objectives.
3. It gives guidelines for internal control, performance measurement and corporate disclosure.

1. As per the consumer protection act, 1986 at the district leveleach state established a consumer dispute redressal forum known as the District Forum.
2. The district forumconsists of a president and two members. The District Forum shall entertain the complaints' where the value of goods or services exceeds the limit of  ₹ 20lakhs.

(i) The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)of India is a quasi-Judicial commission in India.
(ii) It was set up in 1988 under the consumner protection Act, of 1986.
(iii) Its head office is in New Delhi. It is headed by the servicing or retired judge of the Supreme court.
(iv) It isalso called as National Commission.

The former president of U.S.A. Mr. John F Kennedy defined the basic consumer rights as "The Right of Safety, the Right to be informed, the Right to choose and the Right to be heard''.

Caveat venditor means "let the seller beware," by which goods are covered by an implied warranty of merchantability. Unless otherwise advertised (for example, "sold as is") or negotiated with the buyer, nearly all consumer products are guaranteed to work, if used for their intended purpose.

"Consumerisms is an attempt to enhance the rights and powers by buyers in relation to sellers"- L. Massie

E-Marketing is achieving marketing objectives through use of digital technologies like Internet, World Wide Web, email, wireless media and management of digital Customer data and electronic customer management systems (E-CRM).

(i) Green making implies marketing environmentally friendly products.
(ii) It refers to holistic marketing concept with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradeable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc.
(iii) Green marketing is also known as environmental marketing.

(i) Marketing objectives
(ii) Marketing mix strategy
(iii) Costs

S.No	Wholesale Market	Retail Market
1.	Wholesale market is a link between manufacture and retailer	Retail market is a link between wholesaler and ultimate consumer
2.	Wholesale market buys in large quantities from the manufacturers	Retail market buys in small quantities from the wholesalers.
3.	Wholesale market deals one line of products.	Retail market deals in different types of products
4.	Business spread to different areas	Business located in particular place of area.

Ans.According to Business dictionary "A person whosc duties include the identification of the goodsandservices desired by a set of consumers, as well as the marketing of those goods and services on behalf of the company".

(i) Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee.
(ii) The focus in this training is on the development of attitude of trainees.
(iii) Mentoring is always done by senior person, it is also one-to-one interaction like coaching.

Tests are conducted in the selection process to ensure whether the candidate possesses the necessary qualification to fit into various positions in the organisation.

Interview represents a face to face interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee. An interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas, the answering of questions and communication between two or more persons

(i) Promotion means the movement of an employee from his level to the top level.
(ii) Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity to move up in the organisational hierarchy. This is known as promotion.

Universally relevant :
Human Resource Management has universal relevance.
Goal Oriented :
The accomplishment of organizational goals is made possible through best utilization of human resource is an organization.

(i) Regulation of Stock Exchanges: The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there.
(ii) Protection to the Investors: The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc.

(i) A number of new structures have been added to the existing structure of the Indian stock exchange.
(ii) Recent Development in Stock Exchange
1) National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE)
2) Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited (SHCIL)
3) National Clearing and Depository System (NCDS)
4) Securities Trading Corporation of India (STCI)

Renmisier is an agent of a nember of a stock exchange. He obtains business for his principal i.e, the member. He gets a commission for that service. He is called Remiser.

Stock Exchange is an organised market for the purchase and sale of industrial and financial security. It is an organised market for buying and selling of corporate and other securities. It is also called as stock nnarket or share market.

1. Treasury Bills
(i) Treasury bills are very popular and enjoy a higher degree of liquidity since they are issued by the Government.
(ii) A Treasury bill is nothing but a promissory note issued for a specified period stated there in.
(iii) The Government promises to pay the specified amount mentioned there in to the bearer of the instrument on the due date.
(iv) The period does not exceed a period of one year.
2. Commercial bills
(i) A bill of exchange issued by a commercial organization to raise money for short-term needs.
(ii) These bills are of 30 days, 60 days and 90 days maturity.
(iii) The Commercial Bill is an instrument drawn by seller of goods on a buyer of goods.

(i) Certificate of Deposits are short-term deposit instruments issued by banks and financial institutions to raise large sums of money.
(ii) Certificate of Deposits are issued in the form of usance promissory notes.
(iii) The Certificate of Deposit is transferable from one party to another.
(iv) Due to their negotiable feature, they are also known as negotiable certificate of deposit.

(i) OTCEI means Over The Counter Exchange of India.
(ii) The OTCEI was set up by a premier financial institution to allow the trading of securities across the electronic counters throughout the country.
(iii) It addresses some specific problems of both investors and medium-size companies.

A market where in financial instruments such as financial claims, assets and securities are traded is known as a financial market.

The advantages of MBO are
(i) MBO gives the criteria of performance, It helps to take corrective action
(ii) MBO process helps the managers to understand their role in the total organisation.

Professor Reddin defines MBO as "the establishment of effective standards for managerial positions and the periodic conversion of those into measurable time bound objectives linked vertically and horizontally and with future planning".

The goals are achieved with the help of motivation. Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of the workers.

(i) The span of management refers to the number of subordinates who can be managed efficiently by a superior.
(ii) Simply, the manager having the group of subordinates who report him directly is called as the span of management.

(i) Manager is a dynamic and life-giving element in every business.
(ii) Without efficient management it cannot be secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, material and financial resources.