As per the Companies Act, 2013 for taking any decision or executing any transaction, the consent of the shareholders, the Board of directors and other specified is required. The decisions taken at a meeting are called resolutions.

A whole time Director is one who devotes whole of his time of working hours to the company and has a significant personal interest in the company as the source of his income.

The term 'preference shares' means that part of the share capital the holders of which have a preferential right over payment of dividend (fixed amount or rate) and repayment of share capital in the event of winding up of the company.

(i) Longterm finance 
(ii) Shortterm finance 

Corporate Entrepreneur is otherwise called Promoter.

Characteristics of a promissory note:
(i) A promissory note must be in writing.
(ii) The promise to pay must be unconditional.
(iii) It must be signed by the maker.

(i)  Goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility.
(ii) The term 'goods' includes every kind of movable property, stocks, and shares, growing crops, etc. Goodwill, trademarks, copy rights, patent rights etc., are all also regarded as goods.

Contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property (Ownership) of the goods to the buyer for a price.

(i) Bharat Aluminimum Co. Ltd., (BALCO)
(ii) Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL)
(iii) Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd (IPCL)
(iv) Maruthi Udyog Ltd (MUL)
(v) Modern Food Industries Ltd (MFIL)

Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of a business enterprise, agency or publicservice from the government to the private sector.

V- Volatility ,     U-Uncertainly
C-Complexity,  A - Ambiguity

1. Internal environment refers to those factors within an organisation e.g Policies, Programmes, Organisational structure, employees, financial and physical resources.
2. These factors can be changed or altered and hence are known as controllable factors.

(i) Complaint can be registered within 2 years from the date on which the cause of action has arisen, to the date on which the completion from the deficiency in service.
(ii) Stamp paper is not required for declaration
(iii) Complaint can be registered, in person, by the complaint or through his authorised agent or by post addressed to the Redressal Agency.

(i) The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)of India is a quasi-Judicial commission in India.
(ii) It was set up in 1988 under the consumner protection Act, of 1986.
(iii) Its head office is in New Delhi. It is headed by the servicing or retired judge of the Supreme court.
(iv) It isalso called as National Commission.

The satisfaction of consumer wants and need is stated to be the prime and supreme  objective of a business.

(i) Consumers should be given all the relevant facts about the product so that they can take intelligent decisions on purchasing the product.
(ii) Advertising and labelling on the package should provide objective information to buyers.
(iii) This implies that manufacturer and the dealer are expected to disclose all the material facts relevant and relating to the product.

'Caveat emptor' is a Latin term which means "let the buyer beware." In other words, the principle of caveat emptor serves as a warning to the buyers that they have no recourse with the seller if the product does not meet their expectations.

A consumer is one who consumes goods manufactured and sold by others or created by nature (air, water and natural resources) and sold by others.One who avails services such as banking, transport, insurance, etc. is also called consumer.

E-Tailing or electronic retailing refers to selling of goods and services through a shopping website (internet) or through virtual store to the ultimate consumer.

(i) Service marketing is a specialised branch of marketing.
(ii) Service marketing denotes the processing of selling service goods like telecommunication, banking, insurance, car rentals, healthcare, tourism, professional services, repairs, etc.

(i) Regular production or purchase and sale of goods undertaken with an objective of earning profit is called business.
(ii) If all the business transaction carried out through Internet and other Online tools is called E-business. Example: Web, Internet, etc.

According to Jerome Mc. Carthy, "Marketing mix is a pack of four sets of variables namely product variable, price variable, promotion variable and place variable".

Ans.A commodity market isa place whereproduced goods or consumption goods are bought and sold.
 

(i) The word market is derived fronn the Latin word 'Marcatus' which means trade, commerce, merchandise, a place where business is transacted
(ii) The comon usage of market means a place where oods are bought or sold. In simple words, themecting placc of buyers and sellers in an arca is called market

Training refers to the teaching and learning activities carried on for the primary purpose of helping members of an organization to acquire and to apply the required knowledge, skill and attitudes to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently.

(i) Placement is a process of assigning a specific job to each and every candidate selected.
(ii) Placement signifies placing the rights person on the right job in a good manner.
(iii) The term placement includes initial assignment of new employees and promotion, transfer or demotion of precent employees.

Tests are conducted in the selection process to ensure whether the candidate possesses the necessary qualification to fit into various positions in the organisation.

Interview represents a face to face interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee. An interview is a purposeful exchange of ideas, the answering of questions and communication between two or more persons

Organizations instead of training and developing their own employees hire employees of other competitive companies by paying them more both financial and non financial benefits. It is also called raiding.

(i) Promotion means the movement of an employee from his level to the top level.
(ii) Based on seniority and merits of the employees they are given opportunity to move up in the organisational hierarchy. This is known as promotion.

(i) Human resource is the only factor of production that lives.
(ii) Human resources created all other resources.

(i) The organisation recruits, selects and utilises high quality human resource the sustainability remains a question.
(ii) In order to accomplish personal and organisational objectives the unique asset called human resource.

SEBI has its headquarters at the business district of Bandrakurla complex in Mumbai and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Regional offices in New Delhi, Kolkatta, Chennai and Ahmedabad respectively.

(i) Regulation of Stock Exchanges: The first objective of SEBI is to regulate stock exchanges so that efficient services may be provided to all the parties operating there.
(ii) Protection to the Investors: The protection of the interests of the investors means protecting them from the wrong information given by the companies in their prospectus, reducing the risk of delivery and payment, etc.

(i) The normal trading time for equity market is between 9.15 a.m. to 3.30 p.m., Monday to Friday.
(ii) It is closed on the weekends and National holidays.

Speculators are classified in to four types : 
(i) Bull
(ii) Bear
(iii) Stage and
(iv) Lame duck
 

(i) The Bombay Stock Exchange.
(ii) The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange
(iii) Bangalore Stock Exchange Ltd.
(iv) The Calcutta Stock Exchange
(v) The Madras Stock Exchange
 

A method of trading whereby merchants bid against one another and where the securities are sold to the highest bidder is known as auctioning.

According to Crowther "the money market is the collective name given to the various firms and institutions that deal in the various grades of near money".

The participants of the capital market include individuals, corporate sectors, Government,banks and other financial institutions.

(i) OTCEI means Over The Counter Exchange of India.
(ii) The OTCEI was set up by a premier financial institution to allow the trading of securities across the electronic counters throughout the country.
(iii) It addresses some specific problems of both investors and medium-size companies.

Secondary markets allow for the determination of the price of the traded financial asset through the interaction of buyers and sellers. They provide a signal for the allocation of funds in the economy, based on the demand and supply, though the mechanism called price discovery processes.

Organised sector consist of Regulators, Financial Institutions, Financial markets and Financial services.

(i) It saves the time of managers because they deal only with exceptional matters. Routine problems are left to subordinates.
(ii) It focuses managerial attention on major problems. As a result, there is better utilisation of managerial talents and energy.

The objectives of MBO are ;
(i) to measure and judge performance.
(ii) to relate individual performance to organisational goals

(i) The classroom must be with proper facility and lesson plan must be planned in advanced and lecture should be given to teachers in a proper manner.
(ii) They should be proper coordinate between students and teacher to avoid conflict among them in order to achieve peace.

The goals are achieved with the help of motivation. Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of the workers.

(i) Manager is a dynamic and life-giving element in every business.
(ii) Without efficient management it cannot be secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, material and financial resources.

Management is the process of giving direction and controlling the various activities of the people to achieve the objectives of an organisation.