Kinds of Meetings : Under the companies Act 2013, company meetings can be classified as under :
1. Meetings of Shareholders
      (a) Statutory Meeting
      (b) Annual General Meetings
      (c) Extraordinary General Meetings
2. Meetings of the Directors
      (a) Board meetings
      (b) Committee meetings
3. Special Meetings
      (a) Class Meetings
      (b) Creditors and of Debenture / bond holders meetings
1. Shareholders meetings :
The meeting held with the shareholders of the company is called shareholders meeting. The shareholders meeting can be classified as statutory meeting, annual general meeting and extra ordinary general meeting.
2. Meeting of the Board of Directors :
Since the administration of the company lies in the hands of the board of directors, they should meet frequently for the propper conduct of the business and to decide policy matters of the company.
3. Special Meetings :
(i) Class Meetings : Meetings, which are held by a particular class of share or debenture holders e.g. preference shareholders or debenture holders meetings is known as class meeting.
(ii) Meetings of the Creditors : Strictly speaking, these are not meetings of a company. lt is the meeting which are held by the creditors.

A director of a company can be removed from his office before the expiry of his term by
(i) the Shareholders
(ii) the Central Government
(iii) the Company Law Board
(i) Removal by shareholders 169
A company (whether public or private) may, by giving a special notice and passing an ordinary resolution, remove a director before the expiry of his period of office without the proof of mismanagement, breach of trust, misfeasance or other misconduct on the part of the director.
(ii) Removal by the Central Government:
The Central Government has been empowered to remove managerial personnel from office on the recommendation of the Company Law Board
(i) Where a person concerned in the conduct and management of the affairs of a company has been guilty of fraud, misfeasance.
(ii) Where the business of a company has not been conducted and managed by such a person, in accordance with sound business principles or prudent commercial practices;
(iii) Where the business of a company has been conducted and managed by such a person in a manner which is likely to cause injury or damage to the interest of the trade, industry or business.
(iv) Where the business of the company has been conducted and managed by such a person with the intent to defraud its creditors, members or any other persons.
(iii) Removal by the Company Law Board:
If an application has been made to the Company Law Board against the oppression and mismanagement of the company's affairs by a director, then the Company Law Board may order for the termination of the director's tenure.

As per section 11 of the Act, a company having share capital should file with the Registrar, declaration stating that
(i) Every subscriber to the Memorandum has paid the value of shares agreed to be taken by him.
(ii) Paidup capital is not less than Rs.5 lakhs in the case of a public limited company and Rs.1 lakh in the case of private limited company.
(iii) It has filed the Registrar the verification of the registered office.
These restrictions in section 11 are applicable to companies having share capital. It can commence business only after fulfilling all the formalities mentioned above and exercise borrowing powers immediately after incorporation.

The various steps involved in starting a venture have been highlighted.
(i) Selection of the product:
An entrepreneur may select a product according to his aspiration, capacity, and motivation after a thorough scrunity of the micro and macro environment of business.
(ii) Selection of form ownership: 
Entrepreneur has to choose the form of organization suitable and appropriate for his venture namely family ownership, partnership, and private limited company.
(iii) Selection of Site:
(i) Entrepreneur has to choose suitable plot for accommodating his venture.
(ii) Entrepreneur may buy private land and develop it for industrial use.While choosing the site, consider Nearness to native place, Incentives provided by theGovernment, Nearness to market, Infrastructure Facilities.
For example Nearness to native place, Incentives provided by the Government, Near to market.
(iv) Designing Capital Structure:
Entrepreneur has to determine the souce of fhnance for funding the venture, He/she may mobiline funds from his own savings, lons from friends and relatives, term loans from banks and financial institutions.
(v) Acquisition of Manufacturing know-how: 
Entrepreneur can acquire manufacturing know-how from Government research laboratories, research and development divisions of industries, and individual consultants.
(vi) Preparation of project report:
Project reports nreds to be prepared accoring to the form t prescribed in the loan application from of term lending instítutions,An entrepreneur can get the report prepared either by technical consultancy oryanisation or by auditors or by consultants or by developrneht agencies.

1. Innovating Entrepreneur
(a) Innovative entrepreneur is one who is always focussed on introducing a new-project or introducing something new in the venture already started. 
(b) Their innovation may take the form of brand new product, upgraded product, new method of production, reengineering of existing product etc.
2. Imitative Entrepreneur
(a) Imitative entrepreneur is one who simply imitates existing skill, knowledge or technology already in place in advanced countries.
(b) For example many electronic products invented in advanced countries are simply reengineered in developing countries
3. Fabian Entrepreneur
(a) These entrepreneurs are said to be conservatives and sceptical about plasticising any change in their organisation. They are of risk-averse type.
(b) They do not simply change themselves, they change only when they fear than non-adaptability will lead to loss of the enterprise.
4. Drone Entrepreneur
(1) Drone Entrepreneur are those who are totally opposed to changes unfolding in the environment.
(2) Drone never try to adapt themselves with the changes even as a last resort. Example : Global Tooth Power.

Challenges faced by women Entrepreneurs
(i) Problem of Finance:
(1) The access of women to external sources of funds is limited as they do not generally own properties in their own name.
(2) Because of the limited funds, women entrepreneurs are not able to effectively and efficiently run and expand their business.
(ii)Limited Mobility:
(1) Indian women cannot afford toshed their household responsibilities towards their family even after they plunge into the venture started by them.
(2) This restricts the mobility of women entrepreneur significantly.
(iii) ) Lack of Education :
Iliterate and semi-literate women entrepreneurs encounter a lot of challenges in their entrepreneurial journey with respect to maintaining accounts, understanding money matters, day-to-day operations ofthe company,marketing the products, applying technology etc.,
(2) This reduces the efficiency of operating the business successfully. 
(iv) Lack of Network Support:
The successful operation of any venture irrespective of the size depends upon the network of support extended by various constituencies like family members, friends, relatives, acquaintances, neighbours, institutions and so on.
(2) But it is reported that women entrepreneursget very limited support in times of crisis from most of these constituencies.
(v)Self Competition:
(1) Women entrepreneurs have to face acute competition for their goods trom organised sector and from their male counter parts.
(2) Since, they are not able to spend liberally due to financial constraints, they are not able to compete effectively and efliciently in the market.
(vi) Lack of Information:
Women entrepreneurs are reported not to be generally aware of subsidies and incentives available for them due to their poor literacy levels or due to their pre-occupation with household responsibilities.

 

Features of a cheque :
(i) Instrument in writing : A cheque or a bill or a promissory note must be an instrument in writing.Though the law does not prohibit a cheque being written in pencil, bankers never accept it because of risks involved.
(ii) Unconditional order : The instrument must contain an order to pay money.It is not necessary that the word 'order' or its equivalent must be used to make the document a cheque.
(iii) Drawn on a Specified Banker Only: The cheque is always drawn on a specified banker.A cheque vitally differs from a bill in this respect as latter can be drawn on any person including a banker.
(iv) A Certain Sum of Money Only : The order must be for payment of only money. If the banker is asked to deliver securities, the document cannot be called a cheque.Further, the sum ofmoney must be certain.
(v) Payee to be Certain : The cheque must be made payable to a certain person or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.The word, person includes bodies corporate, local authorities, associations, holders of office of an institution etc.
(vi) Signed by the Drawer : The cheque is to be signed by the drawer.Further, it should tally with specimen signature furnished to the bank at the time of opening the account.
 

(1) Existing Goods
(i) Specific Goods - Specific goods denote goods identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale.
(ii) Ascertained Goods - (a) The term ascertained goods is also used as similar in meaning to specific goods.
(b) But this term may even refer to goods which become ascertained subsequent to the formation of the contract.
(iii) Unascertained or Generic Goods - These are goods which are not identified and agreed upon at the time of contract of sale.
(2) Future Goods
These are goods which a seller does not possess at the time of contract of sale but which will be manufactured or produced or acquired by him after entering into the contract of sale agreement
(3) Contingent Goods
Contingent goods are the goods, the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency (an event which may or may not happen). Contingent goods are a part of future goods.

(i) Liberalization has opened up new business opportunities abroad and increased foreign direct investment.
(ii) It became very easy to obtain loans from banks for business expansion.
(ii) "Foreign Collaboration'" is the latest outcome of liberalization.
(iv) Privatization has a positive impact on the financial growth by decreasing the deficit and debit
(v) Increase in the efficiency of government undertakings
(vi) Provide better goods and sources to the consumers
(vii) Globalization has led to a boom in consumer products market
(vii) Globalization has touched every aspect of agriculture like technological advancements, improved production techniques and quality based enhancement.

Micro environment rcfers to th0se factors which are in the imncdiate environment of businessaffecting itsperformance. "These includes the following:
(i) Suppliers:In any organisation the suppliers ofraw materials and other inputs play a very vital rolc. Timely procurement of materiáls from suppliers enables continuity in production and reduces the cost ofmaintaining stock/ inventory.
(ii) Customers : The aim of any business is to satisfy the needs of its customers. The customer is the king and the fulcrum around which thebusiness revolves.
(iii) Competitors:All organisationsface competition at all levels such as local, national and global. Itis important for a business to understand its competitors and modify their business strategies in the face of competition.
(iv) Financiers :The financiers of a business which includes the debenture holders and financial institutions play a significant part in the running of a business. Their financial capability, policies strategies, attitude towards risk and ability to give non-financial assistance are all important to a business.
(v)Marketing Channel members:The marketing inter-mediaries serve as a connecting link between the business and its customers. The middlemen like dealers, wholesalers and retailers ensure transfer of product to customers. Insurance firm is another marketing intermediary which provides coverage for risk in business.
(vi) Public: This refers to any group like media group, citizen action group and local public which has an impact on the business. Many companies had to face closure due to actions by local public.

(i) Consumer is a broad label for any individuals or households that use goods and services produced within the economy.
(ii) Voluntary consumer organizations refer to the organisation formed voluntarily by the consumers to protect their rights and interests.
Functions :
(i) A wide network of Voluntary Consumer Organisation (VCO) is doing commendable work to raise awareness amongst consumers.
(ii) To strengthen consumer protection and welfare and to provide counselling, guidance and mediation services.
(iii) VCO's supported through CWF provides grants for diverse projects including comparative testing of products and services and dissemination of the findings
(iv) Steps have been taken to enhance transparency and to digitalize the governments interface with its citizens.

(i) Buying quality products at reasonable price :
(1) It is the responsibility of a consumer to purchase a product after gaining a thorough knowledge of its price, quality and other terms and conditions. 
(2) The consumer must have the knowledge about the quality from his own experiences or from the experiences of other persons who used product or by browsing the website.
(ii) Reading the label carefully :
(1) It is the duty of the consumer to thoroughly read the label of the product.
(2) It should have correct,complete and true information about the product.
(iii) Beware of false and attractive advertisements :
(1) Often the products are not as attractive as shown in the advertisement by the sellers.
(2) Hence, it is the prime duty of consumer not to get misled by such fraudulent advertisements.
(iv) Ensuring the receipt of cash bill :
(1) It is a legitimate duty of consumers to collect cash receipt and warranty card supplied along with bills.
(2) This will help them in seeking redressal for their grievances.
(v) Buying from reputed shops:
(1) It is advisable for the consumer to make purchase from reputed shops or government shops like super bazaar, cooperative stores, and others.
(vi) Never purchase from black market:
(1) The consumer should not buy things from black market and in excess of his requirements.
(2) At times of scarcity consumer should not resort to panic buying and stock things excessively.



 

(i) The Indian Contract Act, 1872 was passed to bind the people on the promise made in the contract.
(ii) The Trademark Act, 1999 prevents the use of fraudulent marks on the product.
(iii) The Competition Act, 2002 protects the consumers against unhealthy competition.
(iv) The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 ensures the safety of drugs and cosmetics sold in India.
(v) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 controls and prevents pollution in India.

i) In the Globalised business environment, the marketer must move goods, faster and quicker to satisfy the consumer's needs and wants by servicing the best quality goods and services.
ii) Therefore marketers are shipping from transaction thinking to relationship building and also focusing on lifelong customers.
iii) It is possible to carry out all the business transactions thinking to relationship building and also focusing on lifelong customer.
iv) So, marketer has give more emphasis on the notion, "offer more for less" and adopt different strategies to satisfy the consumers.
v) It is possible to carry out all the business transactions over an electronic network, primarily through the Internet.
vi) The number of Internet users is increasing very rapidly. They use a variety of tools like computer, laptops, tablet and smart or android phone devices to access different websites.
vii) Besides the social media networks have opened new aveues of interacting with customers.

They are discussed below :
(i) Product : Product is the main element of marketing. Without a product, there can be no marketing.
(ii) Price : Price is the value of a product expressed in monetary terms. It is the amount charged for the product.
(iii) Place : The third element of product mix, namely place or physical distribution facilitates the movement of products from the place of manufacture to the place of consumption at the right time.
(iv) Promotion : An excellent product with competitive price cannot achieve a desired success and acceptance in market, unless and until its special features and benefits are conveyed effectively to the potential consumers.