A Company secretary is a high-level officer. He enjoys certain rights and power as per the contract made with the company, which are as follows:
(i) Supervision and Control: As a head of the office, a company secretary has the rights to supervise, direct and control all office activities of subordinate offices.
(ii) Singing authority: Being a principal officer, a company secretary can sign. contracts, proceedings of the company meeting, files and documents on behalf of the company.
(iii) Exercising power: He has the right to exercise powers as granted by a board of directors.
(iv) Issuing testimonial: A company secretary can issue testimonials to employees on behalf of the company.
(v) Claiming salary and damages: As per the contract, he has the right to claim his salary and other allowances. He can also take legal action against the company if there is any breach of contract.
(vi) Preferential creditor: During winding up of a company, the company secretary can claim his legal dues on a preferential basis.
(vii) Attending a meeting: He has the right to be physically present in the meetings of the shareholders and board of directors.

Rights can be categorized into individual rights and collective rights.
Individual rights are such as
(i) Right to inspect books of accounts
(ii) Right to receive notices of board meetings
(iii) Right to participate in proceedings and cast vote in favour or against resolutions
(iv) Right to receive circular resolutions proposed to be passed
(v) Right to inspect minutes of board meetings
Collective rights are as follows
(i) Right to refuse to transfer shares: Directors of private companies and deemed public companies are entitled to refuse registration of transfer of shares to a person whom they do not approve.
(ii) Right to elect a Chairman: The directors are entitled to elect a chairman for the board meetings.
(iii) Right to appoint a Managing director: The Board has the right to appoint the managing director/ manager of the company.
(iv) Right to recommend dividend: The Board is entitled to decide whether a dividend is to be paid or not. Shareholders cannot compel the directors to pay a dividend. However, they can reduce the rate of recommended dividend. Payment of dividend is the prerogative of the board.

(i) It is issued by the Company in the form of a certificate under the common seal.
(ii) It is movable property
(iii) Debenture holders are the creditors of the company
(iv) Debentures carry a fixed rate of interest.
(v) A debenture is redeemed after a fixed period of time.
(vi) Debentures may be either secured or unsecured.
(vii) Interest payable on a debenture is a charge against profit and hence it is a tax deductible expenditure.
(viii) Debenture holders do not enjoy any voting right.
(ix) Interest on debenture is payable even if there is a loss.

Successful Entrepreneurs in Tamilnadu:
(i) G. Chandramogan Sold his father's agricultural land to mobilize funds for. starting ice cream enterprise in Tamilnadu known as 'Arun Ice-cream' which has emerged as one of the top-notch dairy companies in India.
(ii) Mr. T.V Sundarm Iyengar who started his career as a lawyer shifted his job to Indian railways in the later years and then further shifted to bank Then he started bus service company on his own A in Madurai before nationalization of transport service in Tamilnadu. Now the enterprise has diversified into producing a variety of automobile products under the banner TVS group.
(iii) Mr. Murugappa ChettIar started his career as an apprentice in Burma when it was under the British Colonisation. He returned to India and started his business in diversified fields. Murugappa has transformed his family business into a corporate enterprise.
(iv) Mr. K.R. Nagarajan made a foray into the textile industry, Tirupur was hailed as the 'dollar city' and an undisputed business center. Mr. K .R. Nagarajan chose the road less traveled. His focus was not on the hefty bottom line but on progress and growth for the poor village weaver. Eighteen years of networking with dealers across the length and breadth of South India have ensured Ramraj's leadership in this part of the world.
(v) Mr. N. Natarajan began his entrepreneurial journey with a fruit shop in Coimbatore that he started with his brother in 1965. 'Kovai Pazhamudir Nilayam, a Coimbatore based 40 outlets strong fruit and vegetable retail chain that achieved a combined turnover of Rs.220 crore this year. The retail chain now has 56 outlets spread all over Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry, of which the other brothers operate between them 9 outlets located in different parts of Tamil Nadu.

(i) Bearer Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is payable to bearer is called bearer instrument subject to fulfilment of either of the two conditions:
(1) It must be expressed to be payable
(2) The only or last endorsement should be a blank endorsement.
(ii) Order Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is payable to order is called Order instrument.
(iii) Inland Instrument: Promissory Note, Bill of Exchange or cheque is an inland instrument subject to the following conditions:
(a) It must be drawn in India
(b) It must be payable in India
(c) It must be drawn upon any person resident in India
(iv) Foreign Instrument: An instrument which is not the inland instrument is called a foreign instrument.
(1) Bill drawn outside India
(2) Bill payable outside India
(3) Bill drawn upon foreign citizens
(v) Ambiguous Instrument: An ambiguous instrument means an instrument which can be construed either as a promissory note or a bill of exchange.
(vi) Inchoate Instrument: It means an incomplete instrument in some respect.

Right of an Unpaid Seller against the Buyer Personally
(i) Suit for price: Where the ownership in the goods has passed to the buyer and the buyer refuses to pay for the goods, the seller can file a case against the buyer for the price.
(ii) Suit for Damage for Non-acceptance: Where the buyer wrongfully refuses to accept the goods, the seller can sue him for damages for non-acceptance of the goods.
(iii) Suit for Cancellation of the contract before the Due Date:  Where the buyer cancels the contract before the date of delivery, the seller may either treat the contract as continuing or wait till the due date or he can file a case against buyer immediately.
(iv) Suit for Interest: Where there is a specific agreement between buyer and seller regarding charging interest on the price the seller can recover interest from the buyer from the due date of the contract till the date of payment of purchase price.

Advantages of Globalization :
(i) Increase in foreign collaboration: Globalisation increases foreign collaboration through various modes such as joint venture, merger, franchise, turn-key projects, etc.
(ii) Expansion of market: The size and operation of business moves from local to national and from national to international.
(iii) Technological development: Technological advancement paves way for a company to enter foreign market.
(iv) Reduction in brain drain: Brain drain is a situation in which a country loses its most educated and talented workers to other countries through migration.
Disadvantages of Globalization:
(i) Loss of domestic industries: Globalisation causes decline in the demand of domestic products which in turn vanishes the domestic business.
(ii) Increase in inequalities: Globalisation widens the gap between rich and poor. Also developed countries exploit the resources of developing countries.
(iii) Dominance of foreign institutions: Economic power shifts from independent industries to international organisations which is a threat to national sovereignty.

Tata has always been values-driven. These values continue to direct the growth and business of Tata companies. The five core Tata values underpinning the way we do business are:
(i) Integrity: We will be fair, honest, transparent and ethical in our conduct; everything we do must stand the test of public scrutiny.
(ii) Excellence: We will be passionate about achieving the highest standards of quality, always promoting meritocracy.
(iii) Unity: We will invest in our people and partners, enable continuous learning, and build caring and collaborative relationships based on trust and mutual respect.
(iv) Resonsibility : We will integrate environmental and social principles in our businesses, ensuring that what comes from the people goes back to the people many times over.
(v) Pioneering: We will be bold and agile, courageously taking on challenges, using deep customer insight to develop innovative solutions.
(vi) Mission: To improve the quality of life of the communities we serve globally through long-term stakeholder value creation based on Leadership with Trust.

The complaint should contain the following particulars:
(i) The name and complete address of the complainant
(ii) The name and complete address of the opposite party/parties
(iii) Date of purchase of goods or services availed
(iv) Amount paid for the above purpose
(v) Particulars of goods purchased with number or details of services availed
(vi) The details of complaint, whether it is against Unfair Trade Practices/supply of defective goods/deficiency in service provided/ collection of excess price, should explicitly be mentioned in the complaint petition.
(vii) Bills/receipts and copies of related correspondence, if any.