(i) E-Commerce also has some limitations. The following are the major drawbacks of E-Commerce for a business organization.
(ii) In E-Commerce, the customer should wait between placing the order and having the product in hand.
(iii) The doubts about the period of returning, will the returned goods reach source in time, refunds, exchange, and postage make one tiresome.
(iv) Privacy issues are serious in E-Commerce.
(v) In E-Commerce generating consumer information is inevitable. Not all the companies use the personal information they obtained to improve services to consumers.
(vi) Many companies misuse the information and make money out of it.
(vii) It is true that privacy concerns are a critical reason why people get cold feet about online shopping Physical product disputes are a major disadvantage in E-Commerce.
(viii) In online shopping, we would see only the pictures the seller had chosen for us.
(ix) The Internet needs to survive the trip from the supplier to the consumer. This makes the customers turn back towards traditional supply chain arrangements.
(x) It is pretty hard to knock on their door to complain or seek legal recourse. Further, even if the item is sent, it is easy to. start bothering whether or not it will ever arrive on time. 

(i) Open NMS (Network Management System) is a free and open-source initiative grade network monitoring and management platform.
(ii) It is established and maintained by a community of users, developers and by the Open NMS Group.
(iii) It offering services, training, and support.
The goal is for Open NMS
(i) The goal is for Open NMS to be an actually distributed, scalable management application platform for all features of the FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security) network management model.
(ii) Presently the emphasis is on Fault and Performance Management.
It was intended to cope tens of thousands of devices from a single server as well as achieve unlimited devices using a cluster of servers.
Features:
(i) OpenNMS comprises a discovery engine to routinely configure and manage network devices without operator intervention. It is written in Java and is issued under the GNU (General Public License.)
(ii) OpenNMS is the World's first software for Network monitor and management with opensource options.
OpenNMS- Types:
There are two types in this Meridian and Horizon.
Meridian: When we need stability and long term support choose Meridian which is best for Enterprises as well as businesses.
Horizon:
(i) It is used where innovation occurs frequently.
(ii) It is Best for IT-ecosystem, new technology monitoring.
History:
(i) OpenNMS was Released in 1999 by Steve Giles, Brian Weaver, and Luke Rindfuss.
(ii) In 2004 OpenNMS Group was created by Balog, Matt Brozowski, and David Hustace.
(iii) It is written in Java and can run on all type of platform.
(iv) It gives us Event management & Notification, Discovery & Provisioning, service monitoring, and Data Collection.
(v) Won a lot of awards for best of opensource software.

(i) Immediate money transfers through mobile device round the clock 24 x 7.
(ii) Can use single mobile application for accessing multiple bank accounts
(iii) Single Click Authentication for transferring of fund.
(iv) It is not required to enter the details such as Card no, Account number, IFSC etc. for every transaction.
(v) Electronic payments will become much easier without requiring a digital wallet or credit or debit card

(i) Contact smart cards
1. Contact smart cards have a contact area of approximately 1 square centimeter, comprising several gold plated contact pads.
2. These pads provide electrical connectivity only when inserted into a reader, which is also used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host. e.g. a point of sale terminal(POS).
(ii) Contactless smart cards
1. Contactless smart card is empowered by RF induction technology.
2. Unlike contact smart cards, these cards require only near proximity to an antenna to communicate.
3. Smartcards, whether they are contact or contactless cards do not have an internal power source.
4. Instead, they use an inductor to capture some of the interrupting radio-frequency signal, rectify it and power the card's processes.

1. Most credit cards are accepted worldwide.
2. It is not necessary to pay physical money at the time of purchase.
3. The customer gets an extra period to pay the purchase.
4. Depending on the card, there is no need to pay annuity.
5. Allows purchase over the Internet in installments
6. Some issuers allows "round up" the purchase price and pay the difference
7. In cash to make the transactions easy

(i) Cut the cable with desired length
(ii) Strip the insulation sheath about 1 inch from both ends of the cable and expose the twisted pair wires
(iii) After stripping the wire, untwist the smaller wires and arrange them into the proper wiring scheme, T568B preferred generally.
(iv) Bring the wires tighter together and cut them down so that they all have the same length (1/2 inch).
(v) Insert the all 8 colored wires into the eight grooves in the connector. The wires should be inserted until the plastic sheath is also inside the connector.
(vi) Use the crimping tool to lock the RJ45connector on the cable. It should be strong enough to handle manual traction. Now it is ready for data transmission.
(vii) Use a cable tester to verify the proper connectivity of the cable, if need.

Default Syntax:
The default Syntax begins with " < ?php"and closes with "? > ".

Short open Tags
(i) The Short open Tags begins with " < ?" andcloses with "? > " .
(ii) But admin user has to enable Short style tags settings in php.ini file on the server.

HTML Script embed Tags:
HTML Script embed Tags looks just like HTML scripts tags.

1. Primary Key:
(i) This key of relational table identifies each record in the table in a unique way.
(ii) A primary key which is a combination of more than one attribute is called a composite primary key.
(iii) The candidate key that is chosen to perform the identification task is called the primary key
2. Foreign Key:
(i) A foreign key is a "copy" of a primary keythat has been exported from one relation into another to represent the existence of a relationship between them
(ii) A foreign key is a copy of the whole of its parent primary key i.e if the primary key is composite, then so is the foreign key.
(iii) Foreign key values do not (usually) have to be unique.
(iv) Foreign keys can also be null.
(v) A composite foreign key cannot have some attribute(s) null and others non-null.
3. Candidate Key:
(i) Each super key is called a candidate key.
(ii) A candidate key is selected from the set of Super Key.
(iii) While selecting candidate key, redundant attributes should not be taken.
(iv) The candidate key is also known as minimal super keys.
4. Super Key:
(i) An attribute or group of attributes, which is sufficient to distinguish every tuple in the relation from every other one is known as Super Key.
5. Composite Key (Compound Key):
(i) A key with more than one attribute to identify rows uniquely in a table is called Composite key.
(ii) This is also known as Compound Key.

To make page numbers appear on every page
1. Click on Master Pages icon.
2. Then click on Text Tool. Now the cursor changes to I - beam.
3. Then Click on the left Master page where you want to put the page number.
4. Press Ctrl + Alt + P.
5. The page number displays as 'LM' on the left master page.
6. Similarly click on the right master page where you want to put the page number.
7. Press Ctrl + Alt + P.
8. The page number displays as 'RM' on the right master page, but will appear correctly on the actual pages

Filling Rectangle with colour
1. Draw a rectangle using Rectangle tool.
2. Select the rectangle.
3. Choose Window > Show colors inthe menu bar. (or) Press Ctrl + J. Now Colors palette appears.
4. Click on the required colour from the Colors Palette.
5. The rectangle has been filled with the colour

Character Formatting using Character Specifications Dialog Box
Character formatting means displaying text in a certain way. Character formatting consists of text properties - bold, italic, underline, font type, font size, font colour, etc.
The steps to apply character formatting to text are as follows:
1. Select the text to be formatted.
2. Choose Type > Character in menu bar (or) Press Ctrl + T on the keyboard. The Character Specifications dialog box appears.
3. Make the appropriate changes in the dialog box.
a. Click the drop-down menu arrow of the Font box and select the desired font.
b. Click the drop-down menu arrow of the Font Size box and select the font size.
c. Click the drop-down menu arrow of the Font Color box and select the desired colour.
d. Click the Bold, Italic, or Underline buttons to make the text bold, italic, or underlined respectively.
4. Click on OK.
Character Formatting using the Control Palette:
a. The Control Palette is especially useful when you are doing lot of formatting
b. Its features change based on the object that is selected on your layout.
c. If the Control palette is not showing then use the following steps:
1. Click on Window> Show Control Palette sequence in the menu bar. (or)
2. Press Ctrl + in the keyboard. Now the Control Palette appears on the window
To modify character attributes using the Character Control Palette:
1. Select the text you want to modify.
2. Make the appropriate changes in the Control palette.

1. Click on one of a Frame tool from the Toolbox
2. Draw a frame with one of PageMaker's Frame tools (Rectangle frame tool or Ellipse Frame Tool or Polygon frame Tool). Make sure the object remains selected.
3. Click on File. The File menu will appear.
4. Click on Place. The Place dialog box will appear.
5. Locate the document that contains the text you want to place, select it.
6. Click on Open.
7. Click in a frame to place the text in it. The text will be placed in the frame.

(i) Business applications for multimedia include presentations, training, and internet protocols and soon.
(ii) The marketing and advertising agencies are using animation techniques for sales promotion.
(iii) Multimedia is used very commonly for building employee ID.
(iv) High resolution projectors are common for multimedia presentations on the road.
(v) Cell phones and personal digital assistants with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication technology makes multimedia communication for business more effiCiently.

(i)It is a process of taking down an E-Commerce site by sending continuous overwhelming request to its server .
(ii) This attack will be conducted from numerous unidentified computers using botnet. This attack will slow down and make the server inoperative.
(iii) DDoS attacks is also called as network flooding.

Payment frauds have subsets like Friendly fraud (when customer demands false reclaim or refund), Clean fraud (when a stolen credit card is used to make a purchase) Triangulation fraud (fake online shops offering cheapest price and collect credit card data) etc.

(i) To avoid the major disadvantage of Flat namespace, hierarchical namespace is used in large
(ii)  Hierarchical namespace is where the name is made up of several parts.
a. First part may represent the nature of the organization.
b. Second part may represent the name of the organization, and
c. Third part may represent the department of the organization and so on.
(iii) In this way the power to control the namespace can be decentralized.
(iv) The centralized authority can be given to nature and then to the name of the organization and so on.
(v) To achieve hierarchical namespace, Domain Name Space was designed.

1. File upload is the best feature to select one file from the local machine to server machine.
2. Form tag is used to mention a method as POST or GET and encrypt attribute mentioned as "multipart/form-data".
3. In the < Input > tag mention type="file" attribute shows the input field as a file-select control, with a "Browse" button next to the input control.
4. The form above sends data to a file.
5. In Server machine "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On: "file_uploads = On"
6. After submitting the upload button the request reaches to the file.
7. In the file ＄FILES variable collects all uploaded file information such as name of the file, size of the file and extension of the file etc.
8. All the details are checked thoroughly and the errors are saved in an array variable.
9. The file finally moves under the image directory if the array error variable is empty.

(i) SG is the stage succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMAx), 3G(umts) and 2G(GSM)syetems.
(ii) SG targets to performance the high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system, capacity, and massive device connectivity.
(iii) The two phasesof SG,First one will be Release-1S complete by March 2019, Second one Release- 16is expected to complete at March2020, for submission to the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as a candidate IMT- 2020 technology.
(iv)  The ITU IMT - 2020 provides speeds up to 20 gigabits per second it has been demonstrated with millimeter waves of lS giga hertz and higher frequency. 3 GPPstandards includes any network using the New Radio software. SGNew Radio can accessat lower frequencies from 600 MHzto 6 GHz.
(v) Speed in the lower frequencies are only modest higher than 4G systems, estimated at lS% to SO%faster

 (i) 4G is at the research stage. 4G was based on an adhoc networking model where there was no need for a fixed infrastructure operation.
(ii)  Adhoc networking requires global mobility features (e.g. Mobile IP) and connectivity to a global IPv6 network to support an IP addressfor each mobile device. Logicallyroaming in assorted IP networks (for example: 802.11 WLAN,
(iii) GPRSand UMTS) were be possible with higher data rates, from 2Mbit/s to 10-100Mbit/s, offering reduced delays and newly services.
(iv) Mobile devices will not expect on a fixed infrastructure, they will require enhanced intelligence to self-configure in adhoc networks and having routing capabilities to route over packets switched network.

(i) Third generation of mobile systems merges different mobile technology standards, and uses higher frequency bands for transmission and Code Division Multiple Access to delivery data rates of up to 2Mbit/s supports multimedia services (MMS: voice, video and data) .
(ii) European standard is UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems).
(iii)  Mobile phones systems continue to use digital transmission with SIM authentication for billing systems and for data incorruption.
(iv) Data transmission used a WCDMA. WCDMA stands for (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access).
(v) One technique to obtain data rates between 384kbit/s and 2048kbit/s. Few 3G suppliers use ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) for their 'over the air' network with in MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching) or IP for theirs backbone network.
(vi) Mobility still supported at layer2, and hence like 2G it still prohibits seamless roaming beyond heterogeneous access networks and routing domains.
(vii) The transmission were band frequencies are between 1900 and 2200 MHz. All UMTS license holders at the UK holds a 20-year license with the condition that 80% population coverage is achieved by 31 December 2007.
(viii) The present third generation licensed operators in the UK can be seen below as at August 2004.

The Internet Explosion
(i) Internet is simply defined as the World Wide Web connection of individual networks which operated by academic, industry, government, and private parties.
(ii)  The Internet served to interconnect with laboratories engaged at government research, and from 1994 it is expanded to serve millions of user and a multiple purpose in all parts of this universe.
(iii) In few years, the Internet built itself as a highly powerful platform that changed their way we do business and the way we communicate. Internet promotes as the universal source of information of billions of people, at work, at home, at school. Internet gave high communication medium, has given an international, "Globalised" at all dimension of the world.
(iv) Internet is growing all the time. By two things, have marked its evolution nowadays the mobile technology and social web. These two innovations have been changed the people life style to use Internet. We may find many communities in social web. Facebook was created in 2004 but gowned into world wide network all over more than 2,230 million active users.
(v) Mobile technology on hand made possible to great reach of Internet and increase the Internet user all over the world.
(vi) The Internet allows all to be democratic in mass media. Anyone can have a webpage in
(vii) Internet with very low investment. Similarly any business can reach a very large market directly, economically and fast, no matter of location or size of their business. Almost anyone that who san read and write can have a access and a presence in World Wide Web with very low investment. People everywhere can express and publish their ideas and opinions via blogging.

< ?php
＄n = "February";
switch(＄n) {
case "January":
echo "Its January";
break;
case "February":
echo "Its February";
break;
case "March":
echo "Its- March";
break;
case "April":
echo "Its April";
break;
case "May":
echo "Its May";
break;
case "June":
echo "Its June";
break;
case "July":
echo "Its July";
break;
case "August":
echo "Its August";
break;
case "September":
echo "Its September";
break;
case "October":
echo "Its October";
break;
case "November":
echo "Its November";
break;
case "December":
echo "Its December";
break;
default:
echo "Doesn't exist";
}
? >

(i) Four Parameters are used to connect to the Database server.
(ii) They are
1.＄ servername -> Database Server server IP address
2.＄ susername -> Database Server User Name
3.＄ password -> Database Server Password
4.＄ DB_Name -> Database Name