(i) The growth of E-Commerce is also related to the socio-technological changes.
(ii) The more, the medium becomes deep rooted, the more, are the users drawn towards it. Increase of users, increases the markets.
(iii) As the markets expand, more business organizations are attracted. The more business accumulation creates competition.
(iv) The competition leads to innovation; Innovation in turn drives the development of technology; technology facilitates E-Commerce's growth.

Open NMS has three main functional areas:
(i) Services monitoring
(ii) Data Gathering
(iii) Event Management and notification
(i) Services monitoring:
A number of monitor modules can govern if network-based services are accessible (ICMP, HTTP, DNS, etc.).
(ii) Data Gathering:
Data Gathering by SNMP and JMX (Simple Network Management Protocol-SNMP, Java Management Extensions-JMX).
(iii) Event Management and notification:
It comprises of alarm reduction and a robust announcement system with acceleration and duty schedules.

The four main components used in the Ethernet Cabling are
(i) Patch cable [Twisted pair]
(ii) RJ45 connector
(iii) Ethernet ports
(iv) Crimping tool

S.No	Serial Port	Parallel Port
1.	It transmit the data one bit at one time.	It transmit the data 8-bit at one time.
2.	Slower than the parallel port	Fast than a serial port
3.	RS232 is type of serial cable, also known as Null modem cable.	Used to connect the printer and other disk drives.

(i) If you require a cable to connect two computers or Ethernet devices directly together without a hub, then you will need to use a Crossover cable instead.
(ii) Here, the pairs of Tx and Rx lines are crossed.
(iii) It means pin 1 & 2 of the plug on one end are connected with pin 3 & 6 of the plug on other end, and vice versa (3 & 6 to pin 1 & 2).
(iv) The easiest way to make a crossover cable is to make one end to T568A colour coding and the other end to T568B.

URL	Domain Name
(i) It is sequence of labels. Sequence of labels are separated by dot(.)	(i) URL is the address of a document on the Internet
(ii) Domain name is always read from the lower level to higher level (ie) From leaf node to root node.	(ii) URL is made up of four parts - protocols, hostname, folder name and file name.
(iii) Since the root node always represented  NULL string, all the domain name ending with dot.	(iii) Each part has its own specific functions.Depending on the applications, additional information can be added to the URL.

(i) Domain Name System (DNS) maintains all the directory of domain names and help us to access the websites using the domain names.
(ii) It translates the domain name into IP address.
(iii) The foure important components of the Domain Name System are Namespace, Name Server, Zone and Resolver.

There are four total layers of TCP/IP protocol, each of which is listed below with a brief description.
(i) Network Access Layer - Concerned with building packets.
(ii) Internet Layer - describes how packets are to be delivered.
(iii) Transport Layer - ensure the proper transmission of data.
(iv) Application Layer - application network processes. These processes include File transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

Main components of RFID system
1. RFID tag: It has silicon microchip attached to a small antenna and mounted on a substrate.
2. A reader: It has a scanner with antennas to transmit and receive signals, used for communication.
3. A controller: It is the host computer with a microprocessor which receives the reader input and process the data.

Computer networking is also money saving as it reduces paper work, manpower, resources sharing, software sharing and also time saving.

Artificial intelligence helps to predict traffic as it collects and analyzes data in real time.

Syntax:
mysqli_connect("Server Name","User Name","password","DB Name");
Example:

In PHP Scripting language many functions are available for MySQL Database connectivity and executing SQL queries. MySQLi is extension in PHP Scripting language which gives access to the MySQL database. MySQLi extension was introduced version 5.0.0.

The MySQLi extension contains the following important functions which are related to MySQL database connectivity and management.
i) Mysqli_connect() Function
ii) Mysqli_close() Function
iii) Mysqli_query() Function

(i) To get form data, we need to use PHP $_GET and S_POST.
(ii) To retrieve data from get request, we need to use $_GET and for post request $_POST.
(iii) We can send limited amount of data through get request and large amount of data through post request.

1. Do whileloop always run the statement inside of the loop block at the first time execution.
2. Then it is checking the condition whether true or false.
3. It executes the loop, if the specified condition is true.
Syntax:
do
{code to executed;
}while (condition is true);

1. In Programming, the looping structure is often necessary to repeat the same block of code for a given number of times, until a certain condition is met.
2. Loop properties easy way to iterate over arrays.
3. Loop structure needed when we want to run block of code again and again.

Switch Statement	If else statement
Switch statement uses single expression for multiple choices.	if-else statement uses multiple statement for multiple choices.
It test only for equality.	It test for equality as well as for logical expression.
Statement will be executed is decided by user.	Evaluates any type
If switch statements does not match any cases, the default statements is executed.	If the condition fails, then by default the else statement is executed.

(i) Conditional statements are useful for writing decision making logics. It is the most important feature of many programming languages, including PHP.
(ii) When we write the code for conditional statements very often, we can perform different actions for different decisions in different business logic.

Array is a concept that stores more than one value of same data type in single array variable.
They are 3 types of array concepts in PHP.
(i) Indexed Arrays,
(ii) Associative Array and
(iii) Multi-Dimensional Array.
Usage of Array:
When combined with foreach statement which allows loop through an array quickly with very little code.

1. PHP has more than 700 built-in functions that perform different tasks.
2. It exists in PHP installation package.
3. It is reusable piece
4. It can either return values when called or can simply perform an operation without returning any value.

Basis for comparison	Server-side scripting	Client-side scripting
Basic	Works in the back end which could not be visible at the client end.	Works at the front end and script are visible among the users.
Processing	Requires server interaction	Does not need interaction with the server
Languages involved	PHP, ASP.net,Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, Python, etcetera.	HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc.
Affect	Could effectively customize the web pages and provide dynamic websites	Can reduce the load to the server.
Server-side scripting	Relatively secure.	Insecure

i). Line Tool - Used to draw straight lines in any direction. 
ii). Ellipse Tool - Used to draw circles and ellipses.
iii). Polygon Tool - Used to draw polygon shape.

(i) Adobe PageMaker is a page layout software
(ii) It is used to design and produce documents that can be printed.
(iii) A simple business card to a large book can be created.
(iv) Page layout software includes tools that allows to easily position text and graphics on document pages.
(v) Pictures and text next to each other, on top of each other, or beside each other can be placed.

Various file formats used in multimedia are
(i) Text formats
(ii) Image formats
(iii) Digital Audio file formats and
(iv) Digital Video file formats.
(i) Text formats : Rich Text Formats and Plain Text Format are used in Text formats.
(ii) Image formats : TIFF, BMP, DIB, GIF, JPEG, TGA, PNG are image formats.
(iii) Digital Audio file formats : WAV, MP3, OGG, AIFF, WMA and RA are Digital Audio file formats.
(iv) Digital Video file formats : AVI, MPEG are digital video file formats.

Animation is the process of displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
Features:
(i) Animation tools are very powerful and effective.
(ii) Frame rate of 16 frames/sec gives the impression of smoothness.
(iii) For natural looking, frames rate should be atleast 25 frames/sec.
There are two basic techniques of animations:
(a) Path animation
(b) Frame animation.
(a) Path Animation:
Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background.
(b) Frame Animation:
In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.