The ORDER BY clause is used as :
SELECT < column-name > [, < columnname >, .... ]
FROM < table-name >ORDER BY < column1 >,< column2 >, ... ASC| DESC ;

The WHERE clause in the SELECT command specifies the criteria for getting the desired result. The general form of SELECT command with WHERE Clause is:
Syntax:
SELECT < column-name > [ < co umn-name > ,.... ] FROM < table-name > WHERE condition > ;

(i) Commit: Saves any transaction into the database permanently.
(ii) Roll back: Restores the database to last commit state.
(iii) Save point: Temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback.

(i) Insert: Inserts data into a table
(ii) Update: Updates the existing data within a table.
(iii) Delete: Deletes all records from a table, but not the space occupied by them.

(i) Create: To create tables in the database.
(ii) AIter: Alters the structure of the database.
(iii) Drop: Delete tables from database.
(iv) Truncate: Remove all records from a table, also release the space occupied by those records.

RDBMS is a type of DBMS with a row-based table structure that connects related data elements and includes functions related to Create, Read, Update and Delete operations, collectively known as CRUD.

(i) Learn
(ii) r
(iii) er
(iv) ceoenyo

(i) T
(ii) THIRU
(iii) THIRU
(iv) KURAL

Database normalization was first proposed by Dr. Edgar F Codd as an integral part of RDBMS in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. These rules are known as E F Codd Rules.

(i) Data are raw facts stored in a computer. A data may contain any character, text, word or a number.
(ii) Information is formatted data, which allows to be utilized in a significant way.

Syntax of return :
return [expression list]
This statement can contain expression which gets evaluated and the value is returned. If there is no expression in the statement or the return statement itself is not present inside a function, then the function will return the None object.

Lambda function can take any number of arguments and must return one value in the form of an expression.

def function_name(*args):
function_body
return_statement

Parameters are the variables used in the function definition whereas arguments are the values we pass to the function parameters.

A block within a block is called nested block. When the first block statement is indented by a single table space, the second block of statement is indented-by double tab spaces.

Program to illustrate Constructor:
class Sample:
def _init_(self, num):
print("Constructor of class Sample...")
self.num=num
print("The value is :", num)
S = Sample(10)
Output:
constructor of class Sample..
The value is:10

(i) Object - name = class_name ()
(ll) Object - name = class_member

while test expression:
#code inside while loop

for var in sequence:
if condtion:

s = 0
For i in range (2,11,2)
s=s+i
print (s)

Syntax:
for counter_variable in sequence:
statements-block 1
[else: # optional block
statement-block 2]

Python provides two types of looping constructs:
(i) while loop
(ii) for loop

a = int (input("Enter any number :"))
x="even" if a%2==0 else "odd"
print (a, "is",x)
Output 1:
Enter any number  3
3 is odd
Output 2:
Enter any number: 22 
22 is even

csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter take additional argument fieldnames that are used as dictionary keys.

Python has a garbage collector to clean up unreferenced objects but, the user must not rely on it to close the file.

Python, a file operation takes place in the following order
Step 1: Open a file
Step 2 : Perform Read or write operation
Step 3 : Close the file

# Program to join two tuples
Tup1 = (2,4,6,8,10)
Tup2 = (1,3,5,7,9)
Tup3 = Tup1 + Tup2
print(Tup3)
Output:
(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)

(i) pop() function: pope () function can also be used to delete an element using the given index value. pop () function deletes and returns the last element of a list if the index is not given
(ii) clear ( ) function: The function clear( ) is used to delete all the elements in list, it deletes only the elements and retains the list.

(i) To include an element at your desired position, you can use insert ( ) function. The insert( ) function is used to insert an element at any position of a list.
(ii) Syntax:
List.insert (position index, element)

MySubject = ["Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology"]
i = 0
while i < len(MySubject):
print (MySubject[i])
i = i + 1

A way of designing algorithm is called algorithmic strategy

An estimation of the time and space complexities of an algorithm for varying input sizes is called algorithm analysis.

(i) The way of defining an algorithm is called J algorithmic strategy.
(ii)  For example to calculate factorial for the given value n then it can be done by defining the function to calculate factorial once for the iteration-1 then it can be called recursively until the number of required iteration is reached.

Keywords are special words that are used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of program.

Numeric literals can belong to 3 different numerical types Integer, Float and Complex.

(i) False
(ii) true
(iii) 1
(iv) true.

(iv) name = "Kumar"
Reason: No function character allowed within identifiers.

(i) The input () is usedto display the result of the program after execution.
(ii) Reason: The input () function helps to enter data at run time buy the user not to display the output.

(i) The following command can be used t invoke Python IDLE from Window OS.
(ii) Start ⟶ All Programs ⟶ Python 3.x ⟶ IDL (Python 3.x)
(or)
(iii) Click python   Icon on the Desktop if available.

In interactive mode Python code can be directly typed and the interpreter displays the result (s) immediately. The interactive mode can also be used as a simple calculator.

The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called modular programming.

The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution. The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

(i) A class defines a data abstraction by grouping related data items. A class is not just data, it has functions defined within it.
(ii) Functions are subordinate to the class because their job is to do things with the data of the class.

(i) To implement the concrete level of data abstraction, languages like Python provides a compound structure called Pair which is made up of list or Tuple.
(ii) The first way to implement pairs is with the List construct

A function definition which call itself is called recursive function.

Parameters are the variables in a function definition and arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition.