The HAVING clause can be used along with GROUP BY clause in the SELECT statement to place condition on groups and can include aggregate functions on them. For example to count the number of Male and Female students belonging to Chennai.
SELECT Gender, count(*) FROM Student GROUP BY Gender HAVING Place = 'Chennai',

(i) Truncate: Remove all records from a table, also release the space occupied by those records.
(ii) Delete: Deletes all records from a table, but not the space occupied by them.
(iii) Revoke: Withdraws the access permission given by the GRANT statement.

(i) A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a computer programming language used for adding (inserting), removing (deleting), and modifying (updating) data in a database. In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the SQL-data change statements, which modify stored data but not the schema of the database table.
(ii) After the database schema has been specified and the database has been created, the data can be manipulated using a set of procedures which are expressed by DML.

lower()	Returns the exact copy of the string with all the letters in lowercase.	>>> str1='SAVE EARTH' >>> print(str1.lower())            save eath
islower()	Returns True if the string is in lowercase.	>>> str1='welcome' >>> print (str1.islower())            True

(i) Learn
(ii) r
(iii) er
(iv) ceoenyo

General format of slice operation:
str[start:end]
Where start is the beginning index and end is the last index value of a character in the string. Python takes the end value less than one from the actual index specified.

(i) T
(ii) THIRU
(iii) THIRU
(iv) KURAL

(i) SELECT Operation (symbol : σ): The SELECT operation is used for selecting a subset with tuples according to a given condition.
(ii) PROJECT Operation (symbol: II): The projection eliminates all attributes of the input relation but those mentioned in the projection list. The projection method defines a relation that contains a vertical subset of Relation.

(i) Data are raw facts stored in a computer. A data may contain any character, text, word or a number.
(ii) Information is formatted data, which allows to be utilized in a significant way.

Non-keyword variable arguments are called tuples.

A block within a block is called nested block. When the first block statement is indented by a single table space, the second block of statement is indented-by double tab spaces.

Infographics ￫ An infographic (information graphic) is the representation of information in a graphic format.

The DISTINCT clause is helpful when there is need of avoiding the duplicate values present in any specific columns/table. When we use distinct keyword only the unique values are fetched.

cursor. description contains the details of each column headings. It will be stored as a tuple and the first one that is 0(zero) index refers to the column name. Using this command you can display the table's Field names.

SQlite_master is the master table which holds the key information about your database tables.

(i) os.system ('g++' + <varaiable_name1>'-<mode>' + <Variable_name2>
(ii) <opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])

(i) Python deletes unwanted objects (built-in types or class instances) automatically to free the memory space.
(ii) The process by which Python periodically frees and reclaims blocks of memory that no longer are in use is called Garbage Collection.

Program to calculate the sum of numbers 1 to 100
Program:
n= 100
sum=0
for counter in ranget (1, n + 1):
sum = sum + counter
print("Sum of 1 until %d: %d" % (n,sum))
Output:
Sum of 1 until 100: 5050

Output:
Enter any number: 56
56 is an even number
Output 2:
Enter any number: 67
67 is an odd number

\r and \n are the line terminator accepted by Python CSV module.

Making some changes in the data of the existing file or adding more data is called modification.

(i) The sorted ( ) method sorts the elements of a given item in a specific order - ascending or descending. sort ( ) method performs the same way as sorted ( ).
(ii) Only difference, sort ( ) method doesn't return any value and changes the original list itself.

(i) The whitespaces can be removed, by registering new dialects using csv.register_ dialect ( ) class of csv module.
(ii) A dialect describes the format of the csv file that is to be read, In dialects the parameter "skipinitialspace" is used for removing whitespaces after the delimiter.

	Text mode	Binary mode
i)	The default is reading in text mode.	Binary mode returns bytes.
ii)	In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.	This is the mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files

(i) In Python, a dictionary is a mixed collection of elements. Unlike other collection data types such as a list or tuple, the dictionary type stores a key along with its element.
(ii) The keys in a Python dictionary is separated by a colon ( : ) while the commas work as a separator for the elements. The key value pairs are enclosed with curly braces { }.

Tuples consists of a number of values separated by comma and enclosed within parentheses. Tuple is similar to list, values in a list can be changed but not in a tuple.

Marks = [10, 23, 41, 75]
i= -1
while i >= -4:
print (Marks[i])
i = i+-1
Output:
75
41
23
10

(i) Time factor
(ii) Space factor

An algorithm that yields expected output for a valid input is called an algorithmic solution

In python, Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on the given relational expressions. There are three logical operators they are and or not.

Syntax:
print ("string to be displayed as output" )
print (variable)
print ("String to be displayed as output", variable)
print ("String1", variable, "String 2", variable, "String 3" .....)

In interactive mode Python code can be directly typed and the interpreter displays the result (s) immediately. The interactive mode can also be used as a simple calculator.

The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution. The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

rational(n, d):
return [n, d]
numer(x):
return x[0]
denom(x):
return x[1]

plt.plot ([I,2,3,4])	plt.pIot ([I,2,3,4], [1,4,9,16])
1. It refers y values as [1,2, 3,4]	1. It refers x and y values as ([1, 2, 3, 4], [1,4,9, 16])
2. Indirectly it refers x values as [0, 1, 2, 3] (0,1),(1,2), 2,3), (3,4)	2. Directly given in the function (1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16)

'cd' command refers to change directory and absolute path refers to the couple path.
(Eg) "cd c:\program files\open office 4\program"

(i) SWIG - Simplified Wrapper Interface Generator
(ii) MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.

Command Description Component Insert Inserts data into a table DML Create To create tables in the database DML  

S.No	Unique Key Constraint	Primary Key Constraint
(i)	This constraint ensures that no two rows have the same value in the specified columns.	This constraint declares a field as a Primary Key which helps to uniquely identify a record.
(ii)	The UNIQUE constraint can be Create applied only to fields that have also been declared as NOT NULL.	The Primary Key does not allow NULL values.

(i) "Init" is a special function begin an end with double underscore in Python act as a Constructor .
(ii) Constructor function will automatically executed when an object is created.
General format of __init__ method
                                    (Constructor function)
def __init__ (self, [args........])
<statements>

	del function	remove () function
(i)	del statement is used to delete elements whose index is known.	move( ) function is used to delete elements of a list if its index is unknown.
(ii)	The del statement can also be used to delete entire list.	The remove ( ) function can be used to delete one or more elements if the index value is not known.

 

(i)  A recursive function calls itself.
(ii) The condition that is applied in any recursive function is known as base condition.
(iii)  A base condition is must in every recursive function otherwise it will continue to execute like an infinite loop.

Main advantages of functions are
(i) It avoids repetition and makes a high degree of code reusing.
(ii) It provides better modularity for your application.

The break statement terminates the loop containing it. Control of the program flows to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.

Sorting is a method of arranging group of items in ascending or descending order. Various sorting techniques in algorithms are Bubble sort, Quick sort, Heap sort, Selection sort, Insertion sort.

The different operators that can be used in python are
(i) Arithmetic operators
(ii) Relational or Comparative operator
(iii) Logical operators
(iv) Assignment operators
(v) Conditional operator

Scope refers to the visibility of variables, parameters and functions in one part of a program to another part of the same program.

S.No	Constructors	Selectors
(i)	Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.	Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type.
(ii)	Constructors create an object, bundling together different pieces of information.	Selectors extract individual pieces of information from the object

 

A function is a unit of code that is often defined within a greater code structure. Specifically, a function contains a set of code that works on many kinds of inputs, like variables, expressions and produces a concrete output.