This tool is used to draw ovals and circles.
To use the Oval tool, follow the steps.
1. Click the Oval Tool( O) on the tools panel.
2. From the Property Inspector panel, select the desired stroke colour, thickness, style and fill colour of the oval.
3. Position the mouse pointer on the stage where you want the oval. The mouse pointer changes to a plus sign(+). Keeping the mouse button pressed, drag the mouse to draw the oval.
4. Release the mouse button when you get an oval of the desired size. You can also draw a circle using the Oval Tool by just pressing and holding the Shift key while dragging the mouse.

(i) I shoot entirely in RAW, basically as a just in case, but I extract the JPGs from my RAW files in Photo Mechanic and edit those.
(ii) Most of the. RAW files will never see the light of day, unless there is a great shot that was extremely over-/under-exposed,
(iii) I prefer this method because it allows me to have the security of RAW while getting all the great color, contrast, and vibrancy of an in-camera JPG.

Here are some general guidelines for taking good portraits:
(i) Use longer focal lengths instead of shorter (telephoto instead of wide angle). This will make your subjects face more natural and less bulbous.
(ii) Use a wide aperture for shallow depth of field. This will focus attention on your subject and not your background.
(iii) Avoid distracting backgrounds.
(iv) Try to achieve even illumination by exploiting natural light. If you can't use natural light, then use studio lights and/or multiple flashes and/or a bounce flash.
(v) Avoid taking pictures where part of your subject's face is in shadow unless you really know what you're doing.
(vi) Avoid using a single flash pointing directly at the subject. This will create harsh shadows on either the subject of the area behind the subject.

There are two ways to view the online video clips.
Because of variations in browsers and operating systems, both methods might not work for all individuals. However, one of the two methods should work if you have the Windows Media Player installed.
1. Click on the link to the video. Depending on what your plug-in settings are in your browser, Windows Media Player may launch. and begin downloading the video clip. The video should begin to play after enough is downloaded for it to play smoothly.
2. Right click (PC) or click and hold (Mac) the link to the video. Choose "Save Target As .." (It) or "Save Link As ..." (Netscape) to save the file. Make sure that the correct file type is selected in the drop down list below the file name. After the file has been saved to your computer, double click on it to launch it in Windows Media Player. If your computer is not set up to launch the player upon double clicking, first open Windows Media Player and then choose "File" and "Open" to load the video clip. Press the play button to begin playing.

Internet Explorer for Windows.
(i) Browse normally to the web page you want as your home page.
(ii) Pull down the "Tools" menu of Internet Explorer.
(iii) Select "Internet Options."
(iv) The "General" tab appears. 
(v) You'll see the "Home page" box at the top.
(vi) Click the "Use Current" button in that box.
(vii) Click "OK."
(viii) Close and open Internet Explorer. You should see your new home page.

Multimedia authoring tools make it easier to create full scale multimedia projects.
Fortunately, there are assortments of tools available to choose from.
1. Apple Media Tool
2. Astound 
3. Asymmetric Multimedia ToolBook1
4. Authorware
5. Cinemation
6. Course Builder
7. CT Professional
8. Digital Chisel
9. Director
10. Director Multimedia Studio
11. FireWalker
12. Formula Graphics 
13. HM-Card Hypermedia Authoring System
14. HyperCard
15. HyperPlus
16. Hyperstudio
17. HyperWriter
18. IconAuthor
19. Klik & Play
20. MediaLink
21. MM100
22. MovieWorks Interactive
23. mPower
24. mTropolis
25. Oracle Media Objects
26. Ozone
27. Pegasus
28. PowerMedia for Visual Basic
29. Quest
30. Shockwave
31. ShowBasic
32. Special Delivery
33. SuperCard

(i) Transform is a term used to describe the act of moving an object, scaling it, skewing it, or rotating it. You can do all of the above in the Transform or Control panels.
(ii) When you transform something, you change its appearance. For example, you can rotate an object 450 or scale an object 50% to make it half its original size.
(iii) The Transform commands in InDesign include Move, Scale, Rotate, Shear, and Flip. You can also transform objects using buttons on the Transform panel or the Control panel.
(iv) You can change the width and height of an object and its location on the page. Before you transform an object, you choose a reference point from which to transform it.
(v) This point is called the point of origin, and it is the point of the selected object that remains fixed during the transformation.
Transformation Basics:
There are many ways to transform an object in InDesign. Select the object using the Selection tool, then:
(i) Drag a selection handle to scale the object (but not necessarily the contents of that object).
(ii) Select a transformation tool from the Tools panel, set the center of transformation (if necessary), and drag the tool.
(iii) Display the Transform panel or Control panel and enter values in the panel field corresponding to the transformation you want to apply or choose a preset value from the pop-up menu associated with that field.
(iv)  Choose one of the "preset" rotation or reflection options from the Transform panel menu or Control panel menu. 
(v) Double-click one of the transformation tools in the Toolbox to display the corresponding transform dialog box (double-click the Rotate tool, for example, to display the Rotation dialog box).
(vi) Select the Free Transform tool, and drag the tool around the object.
(vii) Press keyboard shortcuts. There's no "right" or "best" way to do transformations-you can experiment with the different methods and see which you like best. We change methods depending on the situation (and our mood).

(i) When you press Ctrl-P, InDesign displays the Print dialog box. 
(ii) There are so many features packed into this dialog box that Adobe had to break it up into eight different panes, each listed along the left side of the dialog box:
(iii) General, Setup, Marks and Bleeds, Output, Graphics, Color Management, Advanced, and Summary.
Printers:
(i) Before you go anywhere in the Print dialog box, you've got to make one or two important decisions. 
(ii) First, you must choose from the options on the Printer pop-up menu, which lists the printers you have installed on your computer.
(iii) When you choose a printer, InDesign looks to the printer driver to see what PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file is associated with that printer, and it displays it-grayed out-in the PPD pop-up menu. In the case of a non-PostScript device, InDesign leaves this pop-up menu blank.
General: 
The General pane of the Print dialog box contains basic printing features: which pages do you want to print, how many copies do you want, and how do you want them to come out of the printer.


Copies: 
(i) Enter the number of copies of page you want to print in the Copies field. You can print up to 9999 copies of your publication.
Collate: 
(i) When you turn on the Collate option, InDesign prints the range of pages you've specified, in order, for each copy of the publication you print. This makes for much slower printing.
(ii) When you print  multiple copies of a page, your printer only needs to process each page once (and then prints multiple copies of the page using the same image); 
(iii) when you turn on the Collate option, your printer must process each page once for every copy of the print job.
Reverse Order: 
(i) When you print a multipage document, do you want the first page to come out first or last? Turning on the Reverse Order check box tells InDesign to print the last page first, then print "backwards" to the first page.
(ii) You'll want to turn this on if your pages come out of the laser printer face up.
Page Ranges:
(i) Turn on the All Pages option to print all of the pages in the publication.
(ii) To print a range of pages, turn on the Rang option. Enter the page range in the Range field as shown in the following Table.

Sequence:
(i) To print even and odd pages, select the All Pages option from the Sequence pop-up menu; to print even pages, select Even Pages Only; and to print odd pages select Odd Pages Only. 
(ii) These choices affect all page ranges, including page ranges you've entered in the Range field.
Print Master Pages:
(i) Sometimes you need to print your master pages instead of your document pages. No problem: Just turn on the Print Master Pages check box.
(ii) When you do this, you cannot specify page ranges. InDesign prints all the master pages in the document.
Print Blank Pages:
(i) What happens when you print a three-page document that has nothing. on page 2? By default, only pages 1 and 3 print out. If you want the blank page 2 to print, too, you'd better turn on the Print Blank Pages check box.
Print:
(i) Finally press the Print button to print the document.

(i) The main purpose of PageMaker is composing pages. You can insert new pages into a document, remove existing pages, move between pages, and sort pages in a large document.
Going to a specific Page:
PageMaker provides several methods for navigating the pages in your publication.
Method 1:
(i) You can move from one page to another by using the Page up and Page down keys on your keyboard.
(ii) This is probably the navigation methods you will use most often.
Method 2:
(i) You can move from one page to another by using the page icons. at the left bottom of the screen. Click on the page icon that corresponds to the page that you want to view. The page is displayed.
Method 3:
Using the Go to Page dialog box. Refer Figure 1.52 and 1.53
To go to a specific page in a document.
(i) Choose Layout > Go to Page in the menu bar (or) Press Alt + Ctrl + G in the keyboard.

Go to page option in the Layout Menu
Now the Go to Page dialog box appears.

Go to Page dialog box
(i) In the dialog box, type the page number that you want to view.
(ii) Then click on OK button. The required page is displayed on the screen.

Table 1.1 Keyboard Movement Keys

After created text in a text block, if you want to convert it to a frame. You can do this by using these steps.
(i) Draw the frame of your choice using one of the PageMaker's Frame tool.
(ii) Select the text block you want to insert in the frame.
(iii) Click the frame while pressing the Shift key. Now both elements will be selected.
(iv) Choose Element > Frame > Attach Content on the Menu bar.
(v)  Now the text appears in the frame.

Placing Text in a Frame

To place text in a Frame:
(i) Click on one of a Frame tool from the Toolbox.
(ii) Draw a frame with one of PageMaker's Frame. tools (Rectangle frame tool or Ellipse Frame Tool or Polygon frame Tool). Make sure the object remains selected.
(iii) Click on File. The File menu will appear.
(iv) Click on Place. The Place dialog box will appear.
(v)  Locate the document that contains the text you want to place, select it.
(vi) Click on Open.
(vii) Click in a frame to place the text in it. The text will be placed in the frame.

Table 1.1 Keyboard Shortcuts

Command Window
(i) The command window is normally located at the bottom of the application window, just above the statusbar.
(ii) This window normally contains three lines of text and the first two lines list the immediate command history,
(iii) The bottom line is the command line. If you do not see the command window, press Ctrl + 9 to make it appear.
(iv) You can enter a command manually at the command line.
(v) You can type at the cursor position on the command line, that is, the Command: prompt.
(vi) If you just type the first letter of a command, it will list all the commands starting with that letter. 
(vii) Note: Always press ENTER after you type values on the command line.
(viii) You can drag this window to a different place on the screen and resize it.

(ix) When you enter a command, AutoCAD doesn't care if you use UPPERCASE or lowercase characters, or a combination of either.
(x) If you make a mistake typing on the command line, press the BACKSPACE key to correct.
(xi) You can press ESC at any time. If you press ESC while an operation is in progress, it terminates the command.
(xii) To repeat the command you previously entered in AutoCAD, press ENTER (or the spacebar) at the 'Command:' prompt.
(xiii) As an alternative, right-click to display the cursor menu, and then select the Repeat option.

 The AutoCAD 2016 interface is based on Ribbons and the Application Menu,
 The important feature of this interface is that the size of the Graphical Area will be bigger.

  The Flash CS6 workspace includes a variety of tools and other components that you work with to create Flash applications.

Flash Window Components
The Flash window is divided into four main components. They are
1. Stage and Pasteboard
2. Timeline
3. Tools panel
4. Property Inspector
1. Stage and Pasteboard:
(i) The white rectangle area in the middle of your workspace is called the Stage.
(ii)  All the animations, objects and scenes for a Flash movie are created, edited, placed and played back in the stage.
(iii) The gray area surrounding the Stage in Flash is the Pasteboard.
2. Timeline
(i) The time line is one of the most important components of Flash.
(ii) It is located below the Stage. It is used to specify of each element's appearance and animation.
(iii) The Timeline also contains Frames and Layers.
(iv) Flash movies measure time in frames. Frames are the discrete, small slices of time.
3. Tools panel
(i) The Flash Tools panel includes the tools you need to create, select, or edit graphics on the Stage.
(ii) The double arrows at the top of the Tools panel are used to collapse the panel to icon only view, or to expand the panel and see all the tools.
4. Property Inspector
(i) The Property Inspector appears on the right side of your Flash workspace by default.
(ii) It is grouped with the Library panel.
(iii) It displays properties and options for objects selected on the Stage, and also allows you to modify them.
(iv) The object can be text, an image, a line, or any other shape.

(i) Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
(ii) In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation. Using numerical transformations the movement of that image along its paths is calculated for their defining coordinates.
(iii) The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second. 
(iv) Animations may be in two or three dimensional.
(v) The two dimensional animation, bring an image alive, that occur on the flat X and Y axis of the screen.
(vi) While in three dimensional animation it occurs along the three axis X, Y and Z. Animation tools are very powerful and effective.
(vii) The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.
Path Animation:
(i) Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background.
(ii) e.g. a cartoon character, may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.
Frame Animation:
(i) In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

1. Conceptual Analysis and Planning
(i) The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point.
(ii) Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget arid content availability on that selected theme.
(iii) Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.
2. Project design:
(i) Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project.
(ii) General statements are termed as goals.
(iii) The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives.
(iv) Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective.
(v) These activities contribute to the Project design phase.
3. Pre-production:
(i)  Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.
(ii) The following are the steps involved in pre-production:
4. Budgeting:
(i) Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.
5. Multimedia Production Team:
(i) The production team for a highend multimedia project requires a team efforts,
(ii) The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Scriptwriter, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

Drawing Grids
Using Graph Paper tool, you can draw a grid and set the number of rows and columns. A grid is a grouped set of rectangles that you can break apart.
To draw a grid,
1. Click and hold the Polygon tool. A flyout menu will appear.
2. Select the Graph Paper tool from the flyout menu.
3. Now type values in the top and bottom portions of the Columns and rows box on the property bar. The value you type in the top portion of the Columns and rows box specifies the number of columns; the value you type in the bottom portion specifies the number of rows.
4. Click on anywhere in the drawing area where you want the grid to appear.
5. Drag diagonally to draw the required grid.
If you want to draw the grid from its center point outward, hold down Shift key as you drag; if you want to draw a grid with square cells, hold down Ctrl key as you drag.

Creating Stars
Polygon-tool has a small arrow in the lower-right corner of the tool. That little arrow indicates that this tool has a flyout.
To draw a star,
1. Click on the Polygon tool and hold down the mouse key. A flyout menu will appear showing you other tools.
2. Click on the Star tool from the flyout menu.
3. Click on anywhere in the drawing area and drag the mouse pointer.
4. Release the mouse button where you would like the end of the star.

To draw a spiral,
(i) Click and hold the Polygon tool. A flyout menu will appear.
(ii) Click on the Spiral tool from the flyout menu.
(iii) Now you should type a value in the Spiral revolutions box on the property bar to set the number of full-circle revolutions to appear in the new spiral object.
(iv) Next, click one of the following buttons on the property bar:
1. Symmetrical spiral
2. Logarithmic spiral
If you want to change the amount by which the spiral expands as it moves outward, move the Spiral expansion slide. Drag diagonally in the drawing window until the spiral is the required size.

Starting Adobe InDesign CC
1. Choose Start> All Programs> Adobe lriDesign CC 2019 (or)
Click on the InDesign short cut on the desktop.
2. Welcome to InDesign window will open. Now click on Create New ... button.

3. Now a New Document window will open.
When You create a new document, you have the opportunity to set many options in the New Document dialog box.
To set the basic options for a new document:
i) In the New Document dialog box, click a category tab: Print, Web, or Mobile.

Specify the following options.for the selected preset:
Width and Height: Specify the size of the document.
Units: Specify the measurement unit for the document.
Orientation: Specify a page orientation for the document: Landscape or Portrait.
Pages: Specify the number M pages to create in the document.
Facing pages: If you're creating a single-sided document-like an advertisement, poster, or handbill-leave Pacing Pages turned off. Turn it on for books and magazines, which usually have both left-hand and right-hand pages.
Start#: Specify which number the document starts on. If you specify an even number (such as 2) with Pacing Pages selected, the first spread in the document begins witha two-page spread.
Primary Text Frame: Select this option to add a primary text frame on the master page.
Columns: Specify the number of columns to add in the document.
Column Gutter: Specify the amount of whitespace between columns.
Margins: Specify the margins for each side of the document. To use. different values for different sides, delink the dimensions by clicking the chain icon.
Bleed and Slug: Specify the position of the bleed and slug along each side of the document. To use different values for different sides, delink the dimensions by clicking the chain icon.
4. Click the Create button to open a document with the preset settings.

Converting text in a Text block to a Frame
After created text in a text block, if you want to convert it to a frame. You can do this by using these steps.
1. Draw the frame of your choice using one of the Pagemaker's Frame tool.
2. Select the text block you want to insert in the frame.
3. Click the frame while pressing the Shift key. Now both elements will be selected.
4. Choose Element > Frame > Attach Content on the Menu bar.
5. Now the text appears in the frame. 

Converting text in a Text block to a Frame

Tool Toolbox Cursor Use