This tool is used to draw ovals and circles.
To use the Oval tool, follow the steps.
1. Click the Oval Tool( O) on the tools panel.
2. From the Property Inspector panel, select the desired stroke colour, thickness, style and fill colour of the oval.
3. Position the mouse pointer on the stage where you want the oval. The mouse pointer changes to a plus sign(+). Keeping the mouse button pressed, drag the mouse to draw the oval.
4. Release the mouse button when you get an oval of the desired size. You can also draw a circle using the Oval Tool by just pressing and holding the Shift key while dragging the mouse.

(i) I shoot entirely in RAW, basically as a just in case, but I extract the JPGs from my RAW files in Photo Mechanic and edit those.
(ii) Most of the. RAW files will never see the light of day, unless there is a great shot that was extremely over-/under-exposed,
(iii) I prefer this method because it allows me to have the security of RAW while getting all the great color, contrast, and vibrancy of an in-camera JPG.

Here are some general guidelines for taking good portraits:
(i) Use longer focal lengths instead of shorter (telephoto instead of wide angle). This will make your subjects face more natural and less bulbous.
(ii) Use a wide aperture for shallow depth of field. This will focus attention on your subject and not your background.
(iii) Avoid distracting backgrounds.
(iv) Try to achieve even illumination by exploiting natural light. If you can't use natural light, then use studio lights and/or multiple flashes and/or a bounce flash.
(v) Avoid taking pictures where part of your subject's face is in shadow unless you really know what you're doing.
(vi) Avoid using a single flash pointing directly at the subject. This will create harsh shadows on either the subject of the area behind the subject.

Internet Explorer for Windows.
(i) Browse normally to the web page you want as your home page.
(ii) Pull down the "Tools" menu of Internet Explorer.
(iii) Select "Internet Options."
(iv) The "General" tab appears. 
(v) You'll see the "Home page" box at the top.
(vi) Click the "Use Current" button in that box.
(vii) Click "OK."
(viii) Close and open Internet Explorer. You should see your new home page.

	Type of alignment	Description
	Align left	Lines are aligned on the left border of a text box.
	Align center	Lines are centered between the left and right borders of a text box.
	Align right	Lines are aligned on the right border of a text box.
	Justify with last line aligned left	Lines are evenly distributed so that they align on both the right and left borders of a text frame. The last line in the paragraph is aligned on the left border.
	Justify with last line aligned right	Lines are evenly distributed so that they align on both the right and left borders of a text frame. The last line in the paragraph is aligned on the right border.
	Justify with last line aligned centered	Lines are evenly distributed so that they align on both the right and left borders of a text frame. The last line in the paragraph is centered.
	Justify all lines	Lines are evenly distributed so that they align on both the right and left borders of the text box.
	Align towards spine	Used with left and right pages; text in a text box on a left page is right-aligned and any text that flows onto a right page is left-aligned.
	Align away from spine	Used with left and right pages; text in a text box on a left page is left-aligned and any text that flows onto a right page is right-aligned.

(i) When you press Ctrl-P, InDesign displays the Print dialog box. 
(ii) There are so many features packed into this dialog box that Adobe had to break it up into eight different panes, each listed along the left side of the dialog box:
(iii) General, Setup, Marks and Bleeds, Output, Graphics, Color Management, Advanced, and Summary.
Printers:
(i) Before you go anywhere in the Print dialog box, you've got to make one or two important decisions. 
(ii) First, you must choose from the options on the Printer pop-up menu, which lists the printers you have installed on your computer.
(iii) When you choose a printer, InDesign looks to the printer driver to see what PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file is associated with that printer, and it displays it-grayed out-in the PPD pop-up menu. In the case of a non-PostScript device, InDesign leaves this pop-up menu blank.
General: 
The General pane of the Print dialog box contains basic printing features: which pages do you want to print, how many copies do you want, and how do you want them to come out of the printer.


Copies: 
(i) Enter the number of copies of page you want to print in the Copies field. You can print up to 9999 copies of your publication.
Collate: 
(i) When you turn on the Collate option, InDesign prints the range of pages you've specified, in order, for each copy of the publication you print. This makes for much slower printing.
(ii) When you print  multiple copies of a page, your printer only needs to process each page once (and then prints multiple copies of the page using the same image); 
(iii) when you turn on the Collate option, your printer must process each page once for every copy of the print job.
Reverse Order: 
(i) When you print a multipage document, do you want the first page to come out first or last? Turning on the Reverse Order check box tells InDesign to print the last page first, then print "backwards" to the first page.
(ii) You'll want to turn this on if your pages come out of the laser printer face up.
Page Ranges:
(i) Turn on the All Pages option to print all of the pages in the publication.
(ii) To print a range of pages, turn on the Rang option. Enter the page range in the Range field as shown in the following Table.

jka To print	dfdN Enter M	Example
A continuous range of pages	first page - last page	12-21.
Up to a specific page	-last page	-5
From a page to the end of the document	first page -	5-
Non-contiguous pages	page, page	1, 3
Mixed page ranges	page, range	-3, 6-9, 12, 15-
Pages by section	section.page	Sec1:1, Sec2:5

Sequence:
(i) To print even and odd pages, select the All Pages option from the Sequence pop-up menu; to print even pages, select Even Pages Only; and to print odd pages select Odd Pages Only. 
(ii) These choices affect all page ranges, including page ranges you've entered in the Range field.
Print Master Pages:
(i) Sometimes you need to print your master pages instead of your document pages. No problem: Just turn on the Print Master Pages check box.
(ii) When you do this, you cannot specify page ranges. InDesign prints all the master pages in the document.
Print Blank Pages:
(i) What happens when you print a three-page document that has nothing. on page 2? By default, only pages 1 and 3 print out. If you want the blank page 2 to print, too, you'd better turn on the Print Blank Pages check box.
Print:
(i) Finally press the Print button to print the document.

Table 1.1 Keyboard Movement Keys

Move	Press
One character the left	Left Arrow
One character to the right	Right Arrow
One word to the left	Ctrl+ Left Arrow
One word to the right	Ctrl + Right Arrow
Up one line	Up Arrow
Down one line	Down Arrow
To the end of a line	End
To the beginning of a line	Home
Up one paragraph	Ctrl + Up Arrow
Down one paragraph	Ctrl + Down Arrow

After created text in a text block, if you want to convert it to a frame. You can do this by using these steps.
(i) Draw the frame of your choice using one of the PageMaker's Frame tool.
(ii) Select the text block you want to insert in the frame.
(iii) Click the frame while pressing the Shift key. Now both elements will be selected.
(iv) Choose Element > Frame > Attach Content on the Menu bar.
(v)  Now the text appears in the frame.

Placing Text in a Frame

To place text in a Frame:
(i) Click on one of a Frame tool from the Toolbox.
(ii) Draw a frame with one of PageMaker's Frame. tools (Rectangle frame tool or Ellipse Frame Tool or Polygon frame Tool). Make sure the object remains selected.
(iii) Click on File. The File menu will appear.
(iv) Click on Place. The Place dialog box will appear.
(v)  Locate the document that contains the text you want to place, select it.
(vi) Click on Open.
(vii) Click in a frame to place the text in it. The text will be placed in the frame.

(i) One of the most basic shapes used by drafters and designers is the rectangle. You can create a rectangle using the LINE command, but doing so has some disadvantages.
(ii) For example, you would have to take the time to make sure that the corner angles are exactly 90°. Also, each line segment would be a separate object.
(iii) Therefore, AutoCAD 2016 provides the RECTANG command, which allows you to create a rectangle with perfect corners and as a single object.
(iv) Clicking anywhere on a rectangle created with the RECTANG command selects the entire rectangle.
To draw a Rectangle using the cursor to select  the corners:
1. Command: RECTANGLE (or) REC (Press Enter Key)
2. The following will appear on the command line:
RECTANGLE
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
Specify the location of the first corner by moving the cursor to a location (P1) and then press the left mouse button.
3. The following will appear on the command line:
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]:
Specify the location of the diagonal corner (P2) by moving the cursor diagonally away from the first corner (P1) and pressing the left mouse button. Now a rectangle will appear.

Draw a rectangle defined by diagonal points (20,30) and (150,160).
Command: RECTANGLE ⤶
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 20,30 ⤶
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 150,160 ⤶

A Rectangle define by diagonal points (20.30) and (150,160)

Command Window
(i) The command window is normally located at the bottom of the application window, just above the statusbar.
(ii) This window normally contains three lines of text and the first two lines list the immediate command history,
(iii) The bottom line is the command line. If you do not see the command window, press Ctrl + 9 to make it appear.
(iv) You can enter a command manually at the command line.
(v) You can type at the cursor position on the command line, that is, the Command: prompt.
(vi) If you just type the first letter of a command, it will list all the commands starting with that letter. 
(vii) Note: Always press ENTER after you type values on the command line.
(viii) You can drag this window to a different place on the screen and resize it.

(ix) When you enter a command, AutoCAD doesn't care if you use UPPERCASE or lowercase characters, or a combination of either.
(x) If you make a mistake typing on the command line, press the BACKSPACE key to correct.
(xi) You can press ESC at any time. If you press ESC while an operation is in progress, it terminates the command.
(xii) To repeat the command you previously entered in AutoCAD, press ENTER (or the spacebar) at the 'Command:' prompt.
(xiii) As an alternative, right-click to display the cursor menu, and then select the Repeat option.

 The AutoCAD 2016 interface is based on Ribbons and the Application Menu,
 The important feature of this interface is that the size of the Graphical Area will be bigger.

  The Flash CS6 workspace includes a variety of tools and other components that you work with to create Flash applications.

Flash Window Components
The Flash window is divided into four main components. They are
1. Stage and Pasteboard
2. Timeline
3. Tools panel
4. Property Inspector
1. Stage and Pasteboard:
(i) The white rectangle area in the middle of your workspace is called the Stage.
(ii)  All the animations, objects and scenes for a Flash movie are created, edited, placed and played back in the stage.
(iii) The gray area surrounding the Stage in Flash is the Pasteboard.
2. Timeline
(i) The time line is one of the most important components of Flash.
(ii) It is located below the Stage. It is used to specify of each element's appearance and animation.
(iii) The Timeline also contains Frames and Layers.
(iv) Flash movies measure time in frames. Frames are the discrete, small slices of time.
3. Tools panel
(i) The Flash Tools panel includes the tools you need to create, select, or edit graphics on the Stage.
(ii) The double arrows at the top of the Tools panel are used to collapse the panel to icon only view, or to expand the panel and see all the tools.
4. Property Inspector
(i) The Property Inspector appears on the right side of your Flash workspace by default.
(ii) It is grouped with the Library panel.
(iii) It displays properties and options for objects selected on the Stage, and also allows you to modify them.
(iv) The object can be text, an image, a line, or any other shape.

(i) Managing team members in a way to get maximum outcome with high degree of efficiency is mandatory in multimedia production.
(ii) The fine quality high-end multimedia production application requires a specialize team comprises of the following members:
Production Manager:
(i) In a multimedia production, the role of production manager is to define, and coordinate, the production of the multimedia project in time and with full quality.
(ii) The production manager should be an expertise in the technology expert, good at proposal writing, good communication skills and budget management skills.
(iii) Also must have experience in human resource management and act as an efficient team leader.
Content Specialist: 
(i) Content specialist is responsible for performing all research activities concerned with the proposed application's content.
(ii) Program content refers to projects information, graphics, data or facts presented through the multimedia production.
Script Writer: 
(i) Video and film scripts represents a linear sequence of events.
(ii) The script writer visualizes the concepts in three dimensional environments and if needed uses the virtual reality integration into the program.
Text Editor:
(i) The content of a multimedia production always must flow logically and the text should always be structured and correct grammatically.
(ii) Text and narration is an integrated part of the application.
Multimedia Architect:
(i) The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software.
Computer Graphic Artist:
(i) The role of Computer Graphic Artist is to deal with the graphic elements of the programs like backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3-D objects, animation, and logos etc.
Audio and Video Specialist:
(i) The roles of these specialists are needed for dealing with narration and digitized videos to be added in a multimedia presentation.
(ii) They are responsible for recording, editing sound effects and digitizing.
Computer Programmer:
(i) The computer programmer writes the lines of code or scripts in the appropriate language.
(ii) These scripts usually develops special- functions like developing the software to give the size and shape of video windows, controlling peripherals and so on.
Web Master:
(i) The responsibility of the web master is to create and maintain an Internet web page.
(ii) They converts a multimedia presentation into a web page.
(iii) Final multimedia product is ready for consultation is a joint effort of the entire team.
(iv) Initially, the production manager identifies the project content, while the web master provides access to a wide range of community through web-services.

(i) Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
(ii) In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation. Using numerical transformations the movement of that image along its paths is calculated for their defining coordinates.
(iii) The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second. 
(iv) Animations may be in two or three dimensional.
(v) The two dimensional animation, bring an image alive, that occur on the flat X and Y axis of the screen.
(vi) While in three dimensional animation it occurs along the three axis X, Y and Z. Animation tools are very powerful and effective.
(vii) The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.
Path Animation:
(i) Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background.
(ii) e.g. a cartoon character, may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.
Frame Animation:
(i) In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

CorelDRAW allows you fit a string of text to any path a straight or curved line, a rectangle, an ellipse, or another letter or text string.
To fit text to a path, use the Fit
Text to Path command in the Text menu.
(i) It becomes available only when you select both a text object and a non-text object at the same time.
(ii) A text string can be fitted to the "path" traced by the second object's outline, as shown in the following examples:
To fit text to a path: 
(i) Select the text object and the second object using the Pick tool and the Shift key.
(ii) Choose Fit Text To Path from the Text menu.
(iii) The text is redrawn along the path of the second object.
(iv) You can remove the path object with the Delete command when the text is positioned correctly.
To remove the path object
(i) Select the Shape tool and click on the path object.
(ii) Then Select the Pick tool and click on the path object.
(iii) Now press the Delete key. The path object is deleted.
Entering Text Directly onto a Path 
(i) Text can be entered directly onto most paths - curves, rectangles, ellipses, shapes, and stars.
To enter text directly onto a path 
(i) Using the Pick tool, select the path.
(ii) Choose Text> Fit text to path in the menu bar.
(iii) Move the text cursor over the outline, of the target shape. The pointer changes to the Fit text to path pointer.
(iv) Click on it.
(v) Type along the path.

Creating Stars
Polygon-tool has a small arrow in the lower-right corner of the tool. That little arrow indicates that this tool has a flyout.
To draw a star,
1. Click on the Polygon tool and hold down the mouse key. A flyout menu will appear showing you other tools.
2. Click on the Star tool from the flyout menu.
3. Click on anywhere in the drawing area and drag the mouse pointer.
4. Release the mouse button where you would like the end of the star.

Creating Polygons
1. To draw a polygon Cabo known as pentagon: a five-sided figure, select the Polygon tool in the toolbox. The mouse pointer changes to a crosshair with a small polygon beneath it.
2. Click on anywhere in the drawing area and drag the mouse pointer.
3. Release the mouse button where you like the end of the polygon.
4. To increase the number of sides of your polygon, select the polygon you have drawn using the Pick tool.
5. Place the mouse pointer on the Number of Points on Polygon text box and type the number of sides you like for you polygon. You can also set the number of sides for your polygon and then draw it.

To draw a spiral,
(i) Click and hold the Polygon tool. A flyout menu will appear.
(ii) Click on the Spiral tool from the flyout menu.
(iii) Now you should type a value in the Spiral revolutions box on the property bar to set the number of full-circle revolutions to appear in the new spiral object.
(iv) Next, click one of the following buttons on the property bar:
1. Symmetrical spiral
2. Logarithmic spiral
If you want to change the amount by which the spiral expands as it moves outward, move the Spiral expansion slide. Drag diagonally in the drawing window until the spiral is the required size.

Follow these steps to place text into a document:
1. Choose File> Place in the menu bar, Place dialog box appears.
2. Locate the text file you want to place, select it and click the Open button on the right side of the Place dialog box.

Place option in the File Menu

Place dialog box

The loaded text cursor 
Text Frame
3. Your cursor changes to the loaded text cursor, indicating that the text is ready to be placed into your document.
4. Either click to place the text (filling the current column from the point at which you clicked to the end of the page) or click and drag to create a new text frame.
5. If a text frame cannot contain all the text placed within it, a red plussign overflow symbol appears on the lower-right border of the text frame.
(i) Clicking this overflow symbol loads the remaining text into your cursor for placement in an additional text frame.
(ii) To place this text, just click or click and drag to create a new text frame with the additional text.
(iii) This new text frame is linked to the previous text frame.
(iv) When linked, text flows freely between the two frames if you change the size of the frames or the formatting of the text. .

Creating Path Type
(i) With the Type on a Path tool, you can add type along the inner or outer edge of a path.
(ii) You can place the text on either side of the path, but not on both.
(iii) If you initially place it on the inner part of the path, you can always move it to the outer part of the path later.
(iv) When you select text on a path, brackets appear that you can drag to adjust the position and placement of the text.
Create Type on a Path
1. Select the Type on a Path tool on the Tools panel.
2. Click on the edge of the path (closed or open) to which you want to add type. A flashing insertion point appears in the text frame. Any fill or stroke on the object is removed.
3. Type some text. The text automatically wraps to the shape of the text frame. Don't press Enter key. The type appears along the edge of the object, conforms to its shape, and removes the fill and stroke. If the overflow symbol appears, deselect the text frame, select the Direct Selection tool on the Tools panel, and then drag a corner to reshape the text frame.
4. Select a Selection tool or select the Type tool again.

Application bar
(i) The Application bar sits at the top of the workspace and includes several menus.
(ii) To open a menu, click !he menu name on the Application bar.
(iii) Each menu lists commands that relate to the menu category.
(iv) To the right of the menu names are workspace and view options.

1. Application menu                   
2. Search Adobe Stock
3. Zoom Level                           
4. pop-up menu   
5. Screen Mode                         
6. pop-up menu
7. Workspace                           
8. pop-up menu
9. Arrange Document            
10. pop-up menu
Document tab:
(i) The document tab appears just above the horizontal ruler and includes the document's name, its current magnification level, and a Close button.
(ii) When more than one document is open, a tab appears for each document and the document tabs appear in a horizontal row.
(iii) Click a document tab to view that document in the window.
(iv) You can drag a document tab out of the group to open it in a stand-alone window.
Tools panel:
(i) The Tools panel contains the tools available in InDesign.
(ii) There are tools for creating objects, such as the Rectangle tool, tools for transforming objects, such as the rotate tool, and tools for changing the page view and navigating the workspace, such as the Zoom tool and the Hand tool.
(iii) Some tools have a small triangle in the lower-right comer.
(iv) This indicates that additional tools are available beneath that tool.
(v) Click and hold the tool to see the hidden tools.

Drawing a Star using Polygon tool To draw a Star
1. Click on the Polygon tool from the toolbox. The cursor changes to a crosshair.
2. Click and drag anywhere on the screen. As you drag, a Polygon appears.
3. Release the mouse button when the Polygon is of the desired size.
4. Choose Element > Polygon Settings in the menu bar.

Placing (Importing) Text
You can insert text from other software program like MS-Word in the PageMaker document.
1. Choose File > Place in the menu bar. The Place dialog box will appear.

2. Locate the document that contains the text you want to place and select it.

3. Click on Open in the Place dialog box. The pointer changes to the loaded text icon ( ).
4. Make a text block to place the text. (Or) Click in the page to place the text. The text will be placed in the page.
If the text to be placed is too big to fit on one page, PageMaker allows you to place it on several pages. This can be done manually or automatically:

Tool Toolbox Cursor Use

Pointer Tool	Used to select, move, and resize text objects and graphics
Text tool	Used to type, select, and edit text.
Rotating tool	Used to select and rotate objects
Cropping tool	Used to trim imported graphics.
Line tool	Used to draw straight lines in any direction.
Constrained line tool	Used to draw vertical or horizontal lines.
Rectangle frame tool	Used to create rectangular placeholders for text and graphics.
Ellipse tool	Used to draw circles and ellipses.
Ellipse frame tool	Used to create elliptical placeholders for text and graphics.
Polygon tool	Used to draw polygons.
Polygon frame tool	Used to create polygonal placeholders for text and graphics.
Hand tool	Used to scroll the page (an alternative to the scroll bar)
Zoom tool	Used to magnify or reduce an area of the page