1. Soil pollution:
Soil pollution is another form of land pollution, where the upper layer of the soil is damaged. This is caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This leads to the loss of fertile land. Pesticides kill not only pests and also human beings.
2. Health Impact:
The land when contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to problem of skin cancer and the human respiratory system. The toxic chemicals can reach our body through foods and vegetables.
3. Cause for Air pollution:
Landfills and waste dumping lead to air pollution. The abnormal toxic substances spread in the atmosphere cause transmit respiratory diseases among the masses.
4. Effect on wildlife:
The animal kingdom has suffered mostly in the past decades. They face a serious threat with regards to loss of habitat and natural environment. The constant human activity on land is leaving.

i. Deforestation and soil erosion:
Deforestation carried out to create drylands is one of the major concerns. Land that is once converted into the dry or barren land, can never be made fertile again, whatever the magnitude of measures to convert it.
ii. Agricultural activities:
With a growing human and pet animal population, demand for food has increased considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid off insects, fungi, and bacteria from their crops. However, the overuse of these chemicals results in contamination and poisoning of land.
iii. Mining activities:
During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath the surface.
iv. Landfills:
Each household produces tones of garbage each year due to changing economic lifestyle of the people. Garbage like plastic, paper, cloth, wood, and hospital waste get accumulated. Items that cannot be recycled become a part of the landfills that cause land pollution.
v. Industrialization:
Due to increasing consumerism more industries were developed which led to deforestation. Research and development paved the way for modern fertilizers and chemicals that were highly toxic and led to soil contamination.
vi. Construction activities:
Due to urbanization, a large number of construction activities are taking place. This has resulted in large waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic. These are dumped at the outskirts of urban areas that lead to land pollution.
vii. Nuclear waste:
The leftover radioactive materials, harmful and toxic chemicals affect human health. They are dumped beneath the earth to avoid any casualty.

Effects of Air Pollution:
1. Respiratory and heart problems: It creates several respiratory and heart ailments along with cancer. Children are highly vulnerable and exposed to air pollutants and commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.
2. Global warming: Increasing temperature in the atmosphere leads to global warming and thereby to increase sea level rise and melting of polar icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat.
3. Acid rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. Acid rain causes great damage to human beings, animals and crops.
4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants which adversely affects fish, plants and animal species.
5. Effect on Wildlife: Toxic chemical present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat.
6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth's atmosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth's ozone layer is depleting due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.
7. Human Health: Outdoor air pollution is a major cause of death and disease globally. The health effects range from increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, to increased risk of premature death. An estimated 4.2 billion premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution.

Causes of Noise Pollution:
(i) Poor urban planning: Improper urban planning will cause more nuisances among the city travelers.
(ii) Sounds from motor vehicles: Sounds from motor vehicles can cause temporary hearing loss.
(iii) Crackers: Enormous Crackers are used during some occasions. Such activities create a very louder noise to the level of harming the public. Sometimes, they may even cause deafness to children and aged.
(iv) Factory machinery: The industrial noise caused by continuous operation of mills, machines and pneumatic drills, is unbearable nuisance to the workers.

Effects of Noise Pollution:
(a) Hearing Loss: Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older people are exposed to significant occupational noise and thereby reduced hearing sensitivity.
(b) Damage Physiological and Psychological health: Unwanted noise can damage physiological and psychological health. For example, annoyance and aggression, hypertension, and high stress levels.
(c) Cardiovascular effects: High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular problems and exposure to blood pressure.
(d) Detrimental effect on animals and aquatic life: Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death.
(e) Effects on wildlife and aquatic animals: It creates hormone imbalance, chronic stress, panic and escape behavior and injury.

Causes of Water Pollution:
1. Discharge of sewage and waste water: Sewage, garbage and liquid waste of households, agricultural runoff and effluents from factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants.
2. Dumping of solid wastes: The dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies cause huge problems.
3. Discharge of industrial sastes: Industrial waste contains pollutants like asbestos, lead, mercury, grease oil and petrochemicals, which are extremely harmful to both people and environment.
4. Oil Spill: Sea water gets polluted due to oil spilled from ships and tankers while travelling. The spilled oil does not dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge polluting the water.
5. Acid rain: Acid rain is pollution of water caused by air pollution. When the acidic particles caused by air pollution in the atmosphere mix with water vapor, it results in acid rain.