1. Principle of Independence.
2. Principle of Equity.
3. Principle of Uniformity.
4. Principle of Adequacy.
5. Principle of Fiscal Access.
6. Principle of Integration and coordination.
7. Principle of Efficiency.
8. Principle of Administrative Economy.
9. Principle of Accountability.

(i) Individuals purchase government bonds and securities.
(ii) Banks, both private and public buy bonds from the government.
(iii) Non financial institutions like UTI, LIC, GIC etc. also buy the government bonds.
(iv) Central Bank can lend the government in the form of money supply.

(i) An internal public debt is a loan taken by the Government from the citizens or from different institution within the country.
(ii) An internal public debt only involves transfer of wealth.

Types of Indirect Taxes:
Excise Duty: Payable by the manufacturer who shifts the tax burden to retailers and wholesalers.
Sales Tax: Paid by a shopkeeper or retailer, who then shifts the tax burden to customers by charging sales tax on goods and services.
Custom Duty: Import duties levied on goods from outside the country, ultimately paid for by consumers and retailers.
Entertainment Tax: Liability is on the cinema theatre owners, who transfer the burden to cinema goers.