At the end of the Six Day War Israel occupied the remaining parts of Palestine, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem, plus the Syrian Golan Heights and the Egyptian Sinai. Two hundred fifty thousand more Palestinians were forced into exile, and a million more remain under Israeli military occupation even now.

In September of 1954, USA, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO).

USA, Italy, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Ireland and Portugal joined the five Brussels Treaty Powers resulting in the formation of NATO.

1. An English language education system;
2. An examination-based civil service;
3. A judicial system with provincial courts;
4. A system of municipal and provincial governments based on election, and finally an elected national Legislature.

Germany, Italy and Japan seemed poor by comparison.

War in Eastern front, 1917
(i) The breakthrough in the east for the Central Powers came with the overthrow of Russia's Tsarist regime in the February 1917 revolution, allowing Germany to concentrate its efforts in the west.
(ii) Soviet Russia wanted peace and consequently it signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918) with Germany.

The nine states that opposed the Central powers were: Russia, France, Britain, Italy, the United States, Belgium, Serbia, Romania and Greece.

The leading powers of the time, Holland, France and England, became major colonial powers with access to overseas markets.

(i) Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) made the most profound contribution to socialism;
(ii) Eventually their ideas came to be known as Marxism or Communism. They called their views on socialism as scientific socialism.

The Risorgimento (the resurrection of Italian spirit) was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people.

Cow protectionists in the Punjab, the activities of Gaurakshini Sabhas in the Central Provinces, the campaigners for the recognition of Devanagiri as official language in courts and government offices in the United Provinces were also involved in the Congress organization.

1) Besant identified herself with Hindu nationalists and expressed her ideas as follows.
2) The Indian work is first of all the revival, strengthening and uplifting of ancient religions. This has brought with it a new self-respect, a pride in the past, a belief in the future and as an inevitable result, a great wave of patriotic life, the beginning of the rebuilding of a nation.

1. Kalpana Dutt's active participation in the revolutionary Chittagong movement led to her arrest. Tried along with Surya Sen, Kalpana was sentenced to transportation for life.
2. The charge was "waging war against the King Emperor". As all their activities started with the raid on the Armoury, the trial came to be known as the Chittagong Armoury Raid Trial.

1) Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards.
2) Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used.
3) The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc.

1) A Sikh teenager who was raised at Khalsa Orphanage named Udham Singh saw the happening in his own eyes.
2) To avenge the killings of Jallianwalla Bagh, on 30 March 1940, he assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in Caxton Hall of London. Udham Singh was hanged at Pentonville jail, London

Home Rule Movement declined after Besant accepted the proposed Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms and Tilak went to Britain in September 1918 to pursue the libel case that he had filed against Valentine Chirol, the author of Indian Unrest.

1) In 1906, V.O.C registered a joint stock company called The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (SSNC) with a capital of Rs 10 Lakh, divided into 40,000 shares of Rs. 25 each.
2) Shares were open only to Indians, Ceylonese and other Asian nationals. V.O.C purchased two steamships, S.S. Gallia and S.S. Lawoe.

1) Tagore called for economic self- development and insisted that education should be provided in swadeshi languages
2) He also made the call for utilising melas, or fairs, to spread the message of atmashakti.
3) This became the creed of the whole of Bengal and swadeshi shops sprang all over the place selling textiles, handlooms, soaps, earthenware, matches and leather goods.

1. Constitutional
2. Economic
3. Administrative
4. Judicial

1. It defined individual and collective rights.
2. It also insisted that taxation could only be raised by common consent.
3. Thomas Jefferson's influence is clearly discernible in clause 1, which declares that, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights".

1. At the Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
2. Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
3. With this victory the northern colonies became free.

1. Ahistorical war took place at sea in Jutland peninsula, Denmark.
2. The battle was inconclusive.
3. The Battle of Jutland is remembered as the largest naval battle of the First World War.

1. The Bulgarians felt injured and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
2. The passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
3. Anti-Austrian struggle in Serbia and Bosnia became ever more militant.

1. Imperialism is the endeavour of the great controllers of industry to broaden the channel.
2. They try to bring in the use of locally unsold goods and unmarketing capital.
3. Foreign markets and foreign funds will be used for this purpose.

1. The General Assembly at the initiative of US passed the 'Uniting for Peace resolution'.
2. This clearly set the precedent that if the Security Council could not reach an agreement to intervene in a crisis, then the General Assembly should meet in emergency session and reconned the use of armed force if necessary.
3. USSR regarded this resolution as illegal.
4. The fighting ended with the signing of an armistice in July 1953.

1. The discovery of the sea route to Americas by Columbus and the conquest of Inca and Aztec empires by the Spaniards brought enormous wealth.
2. This made Spain prosperous, and it began to play a leading part in European politics.

1. Florence is one of the city states in Italy which was influenced by a powerful merchant family called medici.
2. Cosimo de Medici who was engaged in banking with many branches across Italy had indirect control over the functioning of the government between 1434 and 1464.
3. After his death, his grandson Lorenzo took over and controlled the government. He was known as Lorenzo, the Magnificent.
4. During this period, the Medici family patronised many artists including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.

1. Italy was divided into eight states by the Vienna Congress.
2. Northern Italy was handed over to the German-speaking Austrians.
3. Italy in the nineteenth century was a "patchwork of about a dozen large states and a number of smaller ones.
4. So Metternich described Italy as "a mere geographical expression".

1. Universal suffrage.
2. Voting by ballot, to prevent intimidation.
3. No property qualification for candidates.
4. Payment of members elected to the House of Commons.
5. Equal electoral districts and equal representation.
6. Annual parliaments.

1. Dutch recognised Java and Sumatra as independent republican states.
2. Other islands were united and thus the Indonesian United States was formed.
3. Subsequently, the Dutch attempted to twice to disrupt peace in Indonesia.

1. The first organisation that expressed clear nationalism in the East Indies was BoediOetomo.
2. It turned out to be a cultural body, consisting mainly of civil servants and students from Java.
3. Boedi Oetomo soon became defunct and a more popular political society Sarekat.

1. United States declared war on Japan.
2. Thus making it an absolute second world war.
3. Britain and China joined the US.

1. Britain and France condemned Mussolini s invasion of Ethiopia.
2. This helped Hitler to establish close relationship with Italy.
3. This was the beginning of Rome-Berlin Axis.

1) The movement had generated worldwide publicity, and Viceroy Irwin was looking for a way to end it.
2) Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact.
3) In the end, Gandhi pledged to give up the satyagraha campaign, and Irwin agreed to release tens of thousands of Indians who had been jailed during the movement.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) During the War the British encouraged Indian industries which manufactured war time goods. As the war progressed they wanted more goods so more workers were recruited.
2) Once the war ended workers were laid off and production cut down. Further prices increased dramatically in the post-War situation.
3) India was also in the grip of a world-wide epidemic of influenza. In response labourers began to organize to fight and trade unions were formed to protect the interests of the workers.

1) The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 to several cities in India was also boycotted.
2)  The calculation of the colonial government that the visit of the Prince would evoke loyal sentiments of the Indian people was proved wrong.

1) The English Education act was passed by the council of india in 1835.
2) T.B Macaulay drafted this system of education introduced in India.
3) Consequently, the colonial administration started schools, Colleges and Universities, imparting English and modern education, in India.
4) The colonial government Expected this section of educated  Indians to be the loyal to the british and act as the pillars of the british Raj. 

1) The indigo revolt of 1859-60 was one of the responses from the Indian farmer to the oppressive policy of the British.
2) Indian tenants were forced to grow indigo by their planters who were mostly Europeans. Used to dye the clothes indigo was in high demand in Europe.

1) The British fixed the land revenue in cash without any regard to various contingencies, such as failure of crops, fall in prices and droughts or floods.
2) Moreover, the practice of sale in settlement of debt encouraged money lenders to advance money to landholders and resorting to every kind of trickery to rob them of their property.

The setting up of public sector enterprises in heavy industry was again dictated by two considerations.
1) First, at the ideological level, the government was committed to a socialistic pattern of development which involved a high degree of state control over the economy.
2) But at a more practical level, the government had to take over the responsibility for the establishment of heavy industrial units which required a very high level of investment.

Thus, the new government of India was faced with the mammoth task of developing the economy, improving conditions in agriculture, widening the manufacturing sector, increasing employment and reducing poverty.

This process and the commitment of the leaders of independent India to the concerns of the people of Kashmir led the Constituent Assembly to provide for autonomous status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution.

(i) The task of integrating the Princely States into the Indian Union is known as Instrument of Accession.
(ii) Instrument of Accession: A legal document, introduced in Government of India Act, 1935, which was later used in the context of Partition enabling Indian rulers to accede their state to either India or Pakistan.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.

1. Dominion status at some unspecified future;
2. Expansion of the Viceroy's Council to accommodate more Indians in it;
3. Setting up a War Advisory Council with Indians in it;
4. Recognition of the rights of the minority;
5. And a promise to recognize the Indian peoples' right to draft a constitution at some future date after the war.

The League supported the partition of Bengal, demanded separate electorates for Muslims, and pressed for safeguards for Muslims in Government Service.

Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education.

1) The first successful Indian entrepreneur, he is called the father of the Indian modem industry.
2) In order to help his father's business, he travelled all over the world and this exposure helped him in his future endeavours.

Famous Indian lawyers like K.F. Nariman and M.C. Chagla appeared in the court on behalf of the accused.