1. He, used the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in the Americas.
2. Slater's mill was duplicated by many other entrepreneurs.
3. So the U.S. President hailed him as "Father of the American Industrial Revolution".

1. The use of iron and steel.
2. The use of new sources of energy or fuels such as coal, steam, and iron.
3. The invention of new machines that increased production.
4. Developments in transport and communication.

1. It defined individual and collective rights.
2. It also insisted that taxation could only be raised by common consent.
3. Thomas Jefferson's influence is clearly discernible in clause 1, which declares that, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights".

1. At the Battle of Saratoga, the British General Burgoyne was forced to surrender.
2. Finally, the British forces surrendered to the American forces at York Town.
3. With this victory the northern colonies became free.

1. The island's indigenous population, forced to mine for gold.
2. They was devastated by European diseases and brutal working conditions.
3. By the end of the sixteenth century it had virtually vanished.

1. Mussolini won over the Roman Catholic Church by recognising the Vatican City as an independent state.
2. In return the Church recognised the Kingdom of Italy.
3. The Roman Catho lie faith was made the religion of Italy.

1. The Bulgarians felt injured and awaited an opportunity to take revenge on Serbia.
2. The passions of the Serbians were inflamed by victory.
3. Anti-Austrian struggle in Serbia and Bosnia became ever more militant.

1. Imperialism is the endeavour of the great controllers of industry to broaden the channel.
2. They try to bring in the use of locally unsold goods and unmarketing capital.
3. Foreign markets and foreign funds will be used for this purpose.

1. With the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as the President of USSR in March 1985, there were phenomenal political and social changes in the Soviet Union.
2. Gorbachev committed himself to reforms. In February 1986 he spoke in the Communist Party Congress, explaining the need for political and economic restructuring, or perestroika, and called for a new era of transparency and openness, or glasnost.
3. By Perestroika Gorbachev loosened centralised control of many institutions, allowing businesses, fanners and manufacturers to decide for themselves which products to make,how much to produce; and what te charge for them.

1. The Korean War of 1950-53 and the Vietnam Wars of 1955-75 were classic examples of the Cold War period.
2. In both case Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in North Vietnam and the United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
3. These wars resulted in huge casualties and losses, and turned out to be civil wars as well.
4. International opinion was mobilised in these wars, and anti-Vietnam protests made a profound impact on the politics, society and culture of the US and western Europe.

1. The General Assembly at the initiative of US passed the 'Uniting for Peace resolution'.
2. This clearly set the precedent that if the Security Council could not reach an agreement to intervene in a crisis, then the General Assembly should meet in emergency session and reconned the use of armed force if necessary.
3. USSR regarded this resolution as illegal.
4. The fighting ended with the signing of an armistice in July 1953.

1. The USA came out with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to support the war-tom European countries·to reconstruct their economy.
2. An organisation, OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) was formed in April 1948 to oversee the disbursement of Marshall Aid under the auspices of the European Recovery Prograrrnne (ERP).

(i) The French king Charles VII was helped by Joan of Are, a young girl who fought courageously and won the battle at Orleans. Joan of Arc was given the title Maid of Orleans.
(ii) However, she was captured by the English and tried by the court for her claim that she was guided by heavenly voices. She was condemned as a witch and burnt at the stakes in 1430.

(i) There was conflict between two royal houses in England namely the House of York and House of Lancaster for the throne.
(ii) This led to the War of the Roses.
(iii) They wore badges of white rose and red rose respectively, hence the name.
(iv) In this civil war, Henry Tudor emerged victorious and he started a new line of monarchy in England.

(i) Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics.
(ii) Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus.
(iii) They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

1. Livery was the system of giving badges or uniform to the followers of nobles.
2. Maintenance was the system of protecting the interests of the followers by the nobles.
3. Star Chamber was the court of law created by Henry VII to try cases related to the property of the nobles.
4. It is named after the stars painted on the ceiling of a room in Westminster Palace, where the proceedings of the court were conducted.

1. The discovery of the sea route to Americas by Columbus and the conquest of Inca and Aztec empires by the Spaniards brought enormous wealth.
2. This made Spain prosperous, and it began to play a leading part in European politics.

1. Erasmus was a protester of many church practices and teachings.
2. His well known work, the praise of folly (1511), made fun of theologians and monks.

1. The Gilded age was also an era of intense mass mobilisation of working classes.
2. Socialist and labour movements emerged in many countries as a mass phenomenon.
3. The expansion of industrialisation resulted in wage growth.

1. In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified during Elizabethan period.
2. This act provided a relief for the aged, sick, and poor infants.
3. This act also provided a relief for the capable unemployed in workhouses.

1. It worked for the preservation of European order and balance of power.
2. They intervened in the case of countries threatened by internal rebellion.
3. They Imposed their overall decision on the affected countries.

1. The workers dared to oppose the government to shut down the shops created by the efforts of Louis Bane.
2. So, between June 24 and 26, thousands of people were killed in france.
3. Eleven thousand revolutionaries were imprisoned or deported.

1. Universal suffrage.
2. Voting by ballot, to prevent intimidation.
3. No property qualification for candidates.
4. Payment of members elected to the House of Commons.
5. Equal electoral districts and equal representation.
6. Annual parliaments.

1. In Philippines, Cavite uprising, was crushed served to promote the nationalist cause.
2. A number of Filipino intellectuals were arrested.
3. After a brief trial, three priests were publicly executed.

1. No territorial changes without the consent of the people concerned.
2. Freedom to travel across the sea without hindrance.
3. Disarmament of all nations that threaten aggression.

1. During the Second World War, French troops were driven to the shores ofthe Dunkirk coast.
2. From there, they were forced to leave the boats and the small ships.
3. The French soldiers evacuated from Dunkirk formed the nucleus ofthe Free French army.

1. In Disarmament Conference, The issue was the German rearmament plan on a par with France.
2. The French refused to agree to this proposal.
3. As a result, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.

1. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed in the year of 1928.
2. Though the US did not become a member of the League of Nations, it participated in this meet.
3. The outcome of this pact was the pledge of all nations of the world to renounce war.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) Ambedkar launched news journals and organizations. Mook Nayak (leader of the dumb) was the journal to articulate his views and the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha (Association for the welfare of excluded) spearheaded his activities.
2) As a member of the Bombay legislative council he worked tirelessly to secure removal of disabilities imposed on untouchables.

1) During the War the British encouraged Indian industries which manufactured war time goods. As the war progressed they wanted more goods so more workers were recruited.
2) Once the war ended workers were laid off and production cut down. Further prices increased dramatically in the post-War situation.
3) India was also in the grip of a world-wide epidemic of influenza. In response labourers began to organize to fight and trade unions were formed to protect the interests of the workers.

1) The Defence of India Regulations Act, it was an emergency criminal law enacted with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during the First World War.
2) The Act allowed suspects to be tried by special tribunals each consisting of three Commissioners appointed by the Local Government.
3) The act empowered the tribunal to inflict sentences of death, transportation for life, and imprisonment of up to ten years for the violation of rules or orders framed under the act.

1) The dismemberment of the Caliphate was seen as a blow to Islam. Muslims around the world, sympathetic to the cause of the Caliph, decided to oppose the move.
2) Muslims in India also organised themselves under the leadership of the Ali brothers - Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali started a movement known as Khalifat Movement.

1) The patriotism glued with the assertion of Hindu beliefs was not accepable to the Muslims.
2) Also much like their predecessors the leaders of the swadeshi movement failed to penetrate the larger section of the society.
3) The Surat split of 1907 was another contributing factor to this decline.

1) Swadeshi means 'of one's own country'.
2) The origin of the idea can be traced to 1872 when Mahadev Govind Ranade, in a series of lectures in Poona, popularised the idea of Swadeshi.
3) According to Ranade, the goods produced in one's own country should be given preference even if the use of such goods proved to be less satisfactory.

Madras Native Association (MNA) on 26 February 1852.
Indian Society - 1865
East Indian Association - 1866
Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) on 16 May 1884

1) Abolition of custom duty on cotton manufactures imported from England and levy of excise duty on cotton fabrics manufactured in india created nationwide discontent.
2) During the viceroyalty of Ripon the indian judges were empowered through the IIbert Bill to try the europeans.
3) Bit in the face of resistance from the Europeans the bill was amended to suit the European interests.

1) The indigo revolt of 1859-60 was one of the responses from the Indian farmer to the oppressive policy of the British.
2) Indian tenants were forced to grow indigo by their planters who were mostly Europeans. Used to dye the clothes indigo was in high demand in Europe.

The setting up of public sector enterprises in heavy industry was again dictated by two considerations.
1) First, at the ideological level, the government was committed to a socialistic pattern of development which involved a high degree of state control over the economy.
2) But at a more practical level, the government had to take over the responsibility for the establishment of heavy industrial units which required a very high level of investment.

Thus, the new government of India was faced with the mammoth task of developing the economy, improving conditions in agriculture, widening the manufacturing sector, increasing employment and reducing poverty.

1) Agriculture was overcrowded, and the per capita income from agriculture was very low.
2) The industry sector only accounted for 13% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1950.
3) The Indian offices of major foreign companies were involved only in marketing and sales, and not in manufacturing.
4) The industrial sector had grown in the decades before Independence, but it was still quite small.
5) Engineering units produced machinery for cotton spinning and weaving, paper, chemicals, sugar, jute and cement. However, the sector was relatively small and did not offer significant employment opportunities.

This process and the commitment of the leaders of independent India to the concerns of the people of Kashmir led the Constituent Assembly to provide for autonomous status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Constitution.

(i) The task of integrating the Princely States into the Indian Union is known as Instrument of Accession.
(ii) Instrument of Accession: A legal document, introduced in Government of India Act, 1935, which was later used in the context of Partition enabling Indian rulers to accede their state to either India or Pakistan.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.

1. The offer of Dominion Status was too little.
2. The Congress also rejected the idea of nominated members to the constitution-making body and sought elections in the Princely States as in the Provinces.
3. Above all these was the possibility of partition.
4. The negotiations were bound to breakdown and it did.

1. Dominion status at some unspecified future;
2. Expansion of the Viceroy's Council to accommodate more Indians in it;
3. Setting up a War Advisory Council with Indians in it;
4. Recognition of the rights of the minority;
5. And a promise to recognize the Indian peoples' right to draft a constitution at some future date after the war.

1) Of 968 delegates attending the sixth annual conference of the Hindu Mahasabha in Varanasi in August 1923, 56.7 % came from the U.P. The United Provinces (UP), the Punjab, Delhi and Bihar together contributed 86.8 % of the delegates.
2) Madras, Bombay and Bengal combined sent only 6.6% of the delegates.

Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would otherwise be difficult for them to get fair representation in government. For example, separate electorate for Muslims means that Muslims will choose their separate leader by separate elections for Muslims.

Bhagat Singh along with Rajguru; Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das and 21 others were arrested and tried for the murder of Saunders (the case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case).

Famous Indian lawyers like K.F. Nariman and M.C. Chagla appeared in the court on behalf of the accused.