1. Thomas Paine, wrote the pamphlet titled Common Sense (1776).
2. In this pamphlet Paine sought to provide arguments to justify the demands of the colonists.
3. The pamphlet had an astounding impact of people.

1. The island's indigenous population, forced to mine for gold.
2. They was devastated by European diseases and brutal working conditions.
3. By the end of the sixteenth century it had virtually vanished.

(i) Pope Paul III appointed the cardinals to reform the Catholic Church.
(ii) The Council of Trent met three times in eighteen years and emphasised faith in the Bible - and the teachings at Church along with adherence to the seven sacraments for salvation.
(iii) The celibacy of the priests and the supremacy of the Pope were upheld.
(iv) The council also removed the abuses in the Church such as sale of indulgence, nepotism and absenteeism of the Bishops.
(v) It supported the image worship of Jesus and Mary in all churches.

(i) The king setup the Spanish Inquisition through which the Jew and Moor converts were kept in strict vigil.
(ii) Many non-believers were tried, tortured and burnt at the stake.
(iii) The royal house became more powerful than the church.

1. The pope tried to hold peace talks with Luther by calling him for Diet of Worms. If failed.
2. The Diet of Worms disavowed his books and burnt them.
3. He was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire by the emperor. Martin Luther's radical views influenced many and one such was Thomas Muntzer who fought for a classless society.
4. This started the Peasant's Rebelling in parts of Germany. However, Luther supported the feudal lords in this fight and denounced the peasant movement.

1. The Spanish kings were apprehensive about the Portuguese venture into sea voyages.
2. They requested Pope Alexander VI to find a solution. In 1493, the Pope issued a Papal Bull (proclamation).
3. The proclamation drew a north-south line from pole to passing around 320 miles west of the Cape Verde islands.
4. It declared that any new discoveries west of the line belonged to spain.

1) The movement had generated worldwide publicity, and Viceroy Irwin was looking for a way to end it.
2) Gandhi was released from custody in January 1931, and the two men began negotiating the terms of the pact.
3) In the end, Gandhi pledged to give up the satyagraha campaign, and Irwin agreed to release tens of thousands of Indians who had been jailed during the movement.

1) Despite every elected member of the central legislature opposing the bill, the government passed the Rowlatt Act in March 1919.
2) This Act empowered the government to imprison any person without trial.
3) Gandhi and his associates were shocked.
4) Almost the entire country was electrified when Gandhi called upon the people to observe 'hartal' in March-April 1919 against the Rowlatt Act.

1) During the War the British encouraged Indian industries which manufactured war time goods. As the war progressed they wanted more goods so more workers were recruited.
2) Once the war ended workers were laid off and production cut down. Further prices increased dramatically in the post-War situation.
3) India was also in the grip of a world-wide epidemic of influenza. In response labourers began to organize to fight and trade unions were formed to protect the interests of the workers.

She published a book How India brought for Freedom, a weekly The Commonweal, a daily newspaper New India.

1) In order to crush the growing nationalist movement, the government adopted many measures.
2) Lord Curzon created the Criminal Intelligence Department (CID) in 1903 to secretly collect information on the activities of nationalists.
3) The colonial state also resorted to banning meetings, printing and circulation of seditious materials for propaganda, and by detaining the suspects.

1) The patriotism glued with the assertion of Hindu beliefs was not accepable to the Muslims.
2) Also much like their predecessors the leaders of the swadeshi movement failed to penetrate the larger section of the society.
3) The Surat split of 1907 was another contributing factor to this decline.

Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

1) In a Petition submitted in December 1852, the MNA pointed out that the ryotwari and zamindari systems had thrown agricultural classes into deep distress.
2) It urged the revival of the ancient village system to free the peasantry from the oppressive interference of the Zamindars and the company officials.
3) The Petition also made a complaint about the judicial system which was slow, Complicated and imperfect.
4) It pointed out that the appointment of the judges without assessing their judicial knowledge and competence in the local languages affected the efficiency of the judiciary.

1) Abolition of custom duty on cotton manufactures imported from England and levy of excise duty on cotton fabrics manufactured in india created nationwide discontent.
2) During the viceroyalty of Ripon the indian judges were empowered through the IIbert Bill to try the europeans.
3) Bit in the face of resistance from the Europeans the bill was amended to suit the European interests.

The setting up of public sector enterprises in heavy industry was again dictated by two considerations.
1) First, at the ideological level, the government was committed to a socialistic pattern of development which involved a high degree of state control over the economy.
2) But at a more practical level, the government had to take over the responsibility for the establishment of heavy industrial units which required a very high level of investment.

Thus, the new government of India was faced with the mammoth task of developing the economy, improving conditions in agriculture, widening the manufacturing sector, increasing employment and reducing poverty.

1) The demand for linguistic reorganisation of states did not stop.
2) The issue gained centre-stage with Pattabhi Sitaramayya's election as the Congress President at the Jaipur session.
3) A resolution there led to the constitution of a committee with Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya and Jawaharlal Nehru also called the JVP committee.

Indians shall make their own constitution was laid down by Gandhi as early as in 1922. Elections were held, based on the 1935 Act, to the Provincial Assemblies in August 1946. These elected assemblies in turn were to elect the Central Assembly, which would also become the Constituent Assembly.

Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army in Malaya, approached the Japanese for help and they found in this an opportunity. Mohan Singh had drafted about 40,000 men in the Indian National Army by the end of 1942.

1. The offer of Dominion Status was too little.
2. The Congress also rejected the idea of nominated members to the constitution-making body and sought elections in the Princely States as in the Provinces.
3. Above all these was the possibility of partition.
4. The negotiations were bound to breakdown and it did.

The League supported the partition of Bengal, demanded separate electorates for Muslims, and pressed for safeguards for Muslims in Government Service.

Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart scientific education.

Bhagat Singh along with Rajguru; Sukhdev, Jatindra Nath Das and 21 others were arrested and tried for the murder of Saunders (the case was known as the Second Lahore Conspiracy Case).

Famous Indian lawyers like K.F. Nariman and M.C. Chagla appeared in the court on behalf of the accused.