1. The use of iron and steel.
2. The use of new sources of energy or fuels such as coal, steam, and iron.
3. The invention of new machines that increased production.
4. Developments in transport and communication.

1. Clergy, Nobility, and the commoners.
2. The clergy and the nobility were exempted from various taxes.
3. Out of the three divisions, only the third estate bore the brunt of taxation.

1. Following the Boston Massacre, about 100 activists dressed like Native Americans.
2. They boarded the three ships carrying tea and threw 342 boxes into sea at Boston.
3. This incident came to be called the Boston Tea Party.

1. In 1925, Greece invaded Bulgaria.
2. The League ordered a ceasefue.
3. After investigation it decided that Greece was to pay reparations.

1. Ahistorical war took place at sea in Jutland peninsula, Denmark.
2. The battle was inconclusive.
3. The Battle of Jutland is remembered as the largest naval battle of the First World War.

1. According to the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed at the end, Japan got Liaotung peninsula along with some regions.
2. The European powers feared the sudden growth of Japans.
3. So, France, England and Russia forced Japan to surrender the Liaotung peninsula to china.

1. Morocco and Egypt related Quarrels were solved.
2. France allowed to operate independently in Morocco.
3. France agreed to recognize the British occupation of Egypt.

1. Imperialism is the endeavour of the great controllers of industry to broaden the channel.
2. They try to bring in the use of locally unsold goods and unmarketing capital.
3. Foreign markets and foreign funds will be used for this purpose.

1. Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, realised that a reconciliationbetween France and Germany was good for both and for reconstruction of post-War Europe.
2. He presented a plan known as Schuman Plan on 9 May 1950.
3. Accordingly, he proposed that the joint output of coal and steel in the two countries be placed within the framework of a strong, supranational structure, the High Authority.
4. This plan for sectoral economic integration created mutual interests and automatically linked the two countries. West Germany's Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, welcomed the plan to come close to the Western world.

1. The Korean War of 1950-53 and the Vietnam Wars of 1955-75 were classic examples of the Cold War period.
2. In both case Soviet Union supported the communist government in North Korea and in North Vietnam and the United States supported South Korea and South Vietnam.
3. These wars resulted in huge casualties and losses, and turned out to be civil wars as well.
4. International opinion was mobilised in these wars, and anti-Vietnam protests made a profound impact on the politics, society and culture of the US and western Europe.

1. The General Assembly at the initiative of US passed the 'Uniting for Peace resolution'.
2. This clearly set the precedent that if the Security Council could not reach an agreement to intervene in a crisis, then the General Assembly should meet in emergency session and reconned the use of armed force if necessary.
3. USSR regarded this resolution as illegal.
4. The fighting ended with the signing of an armistice in July 1953.

1. The USA came out with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to support the war-tom European countries·to reconstruct their economy.
2. An organisation, OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Cooperation) was formed in April 1948 to oversee the disbursement of Marshall Aid under the auspices of the European Recovery Prograrrnne (ERP).

(i) There was conflict between two royal houses in England namely the House of York and House of Lancaster for the throne.
(ii) This led to the War of the Roses.
(iii) They wore badges of white rose and red rose respectively, hence the name.
(iv) In this civil war, Henry Tudor emerged victorious and he started a new line of monarchy in England.

(i) Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics.
(ii) Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus.
(iii) They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

1. Livery was the system of giving badges or uniform to the followers of nobles.
2. Maintenance was the system of protecting the interests of the followers by the nobles.
3. Star Chamber was the court of law created by Henry VII to try cases related to the property of the nobles.
4. It is named after the stars painted on the ceiling of a room in Westminster Palace, where the proceedings of the court were conducted.

1. The discovery of the sea route to Americas by Columbus and the conquest of Inca and Aztec empires by the Spaniards brought enormous wealth.
2. This made Spain prosperous, and it began to play a leading part in European politics.

1. In Britain the Poor Laws, as codified during Elizabethan period.
2. This act provided a relief for the aged, sick, and poor infants.
3. This act also provided a relief for the capable unemployed in workhouses.

1. It worked for the preservation of European order and balance of power.
2. They intervened in the case of countries threatened by internal rebellion.
3. They Imposed their overall decision on the affected countries.

1. The manifesto declared that the French Revolution of 1789 only brought about political equality.
2. It's also declared that it did not have economic equality.
3. They wanted to represent the working class.

1. In Philippines, Cavite uprising, was crushed served to promote the nationalist cause.
2. A number of Filipino intellectuals were arrested.
3. After a brief trial, three priests were publicly executed.

1. The first organisation that expressed clear nationalism in the East Indies was BoediOetomo.
2. It turned out to be a cultural body, consisting mainly of civil servants and students from Java.
3. Boedi Oetomo soon became defunct and a more popular political society Sarekat.

1. No territorial changes without the consent of the people concerned.
2. Freedom to travel across the sea without hindrance.
3. Disarmament of all nations that threaten aggression.

1. During the Second World War, French troops were driven to the shores ofthe Dunkirk coast.
2. From there, they were forced to leave the boats and the small ships.
3. The French soldiers evacuated from Dunkirk formed the nucleus ofthe Free French army.

1. Britain and France condemned Mussolini s invasion of Ethiopia.
2. This helped Hitler to establish close relationship with Italy.
3. This was the beginning of Rome-Berlin Axis.

Lord Wavell found a council without Muslim League representation as unworkable and thus abandoned the Simla talks.